Wake up（55）

 

55

 

From July 2 to August 1, 1959, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting in Lushan, Jiangxi.

From 5 pm to 10 pm on July 17, 1959, Mao Zedong talked to Zhou Xiaozhou, Zhou Hui, Hu Qiaomu, Tian Jiaying, and Li Rui, and said: "With regard to the general line, it would be great to have 70% support. The real backbone has 30 % is terrible, most people follow the trend. Last night, I discussed at the team leader meeting that the current situation is essentially an anti-adventure, and I am the leader of the anti-adventure.” “13 million tons of steel came from It’s not easy, even if you can’t finish it, don’t be ashamed to take an exam. As long as you really muster your energy, the grades are very important.” He also talked about the Luochuan meeting in August 1937 from Peng Dehuai’s opinion letter, saying that the North China Army branch disagreed with the Central Committee’s decision. guerrilla policy.

On July 19, Huang Kecheng spoke at a group meeting and said that, in addition to the shortcomings mentioned in the agreed records, there were overestimation of agricultural production achievements, imbalanced proportions among various economic sectors, and excessively large targets in the 1959 plan. , and talked about the possible consequences. Huang Kecheng also said that for the people's communes, it doesn't matter whether they are established or not, and they are beneficial in the long run, and it is more active not to establish them in the short term. He also pointed out that the outstanding problem in the style of work in some places is that they only talk about achievements and don't talk about shortcomings; it is not terrible to have shortcomings, but the terrible thing is not to talk about shortcomings.

On the same day, Zhou Xiaozhou, the first secretary of the Hunan Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and an alternate member of the Central Committee, spoke in support of Peng Dehuai, saying that the spirit of Peng Dehuai's letter is always good, and individual words and sentences can be considered. He believes that this meeting should focus on summing up experience after affirming the achievements, and it is necessary to explain the shortcomings thoroughly. Only in this way can we correctly sum up experience and lessons. He said that the coercive orders and exaggerated style of grassroots cadres have a lot to do with the higher and higher plans of the upper levels. He believes that the overall achievements are great, but specifically speaking, there are more gains than losses, equal gains and losses, and more losses than gains, which should be discussed separately.

In the early morning of July 20, when Yang Shangkun, director of the General Office of the CPC Central Committee, reported to Mao Zedong the situation discussed by the various groups, Mao Zedong made four points: "First, the debt must be repaid, and no mistakes can be made. Just push it away. Last year Everyone is responsible for making mistakes, first of all me. Second, the shortcomings have not been completely corrected, and now the waist is not hard, this is a fact. Don’t avoid these things, and seek truth from facts. Third, some anger is just to vent, exaggeration , Blind command, too much greed, etc. These angers are to be vented. Fourth, prepare to have a talk with those "leftists", that is, those who are unwilling to admit their mistakes or listen to others telling them that they are wrong, and ask them to listen to all aspects. Views."

On the afternoon of July 21, Vice Foreign Minister Zhang Wentian gave a speech for three hours, using more precise theoretical terms to support Peng Dehuai. His speech covered 13 issues: achievements of the "Great Leap Forward", shortcomings, consequences of shortcomings, estimation of shortcomings, causes of shortcomings, subjectivism and one-sidedness, politics and economics, the relationship between the three types of ownership, democracy and centralization, It is necessary to explain the shortcomings clearly, the issue of bright future, the opinion letter about Peng Dehuai, the relationship between achievements and shortcomings. He not only pointed out the shortcomings of the "Great Leap Forward", but also pointed out from a philosophical perspective that the shortcomings and mistakes mainly lie in "the one-sided understanding of the relationship between subjectivity and objectivity, spirit and matter", and criticized the "guiding ideology" of political and economic relations for a period of time. errors and ambiguities in the field of work", reveal the harm of "biased understanding of the theory of production relations", and discuss the "causes of shortcomings" from the perspective of "democratic style within the party".

Zhang Wentian emphasized that the reasons for shortcomings and mistakes should be explored more from the perspective of ideas, methods, and work style, and he opposed "subjectivism and one-sidedness" that did not pay attention to conditions and did not conform to reality. According to political requirements, in terms of inner-party democratic style, "you have to create a situation where you can be lively and happy, and then you can have combat effectiveness." ".

In Zhang Wentian's speech, some people expressed disagreement with his point of view, but he still insisted on expressing his opinion.

Regarding the consequences of the high target policy in 1958, the participants had different understandings. Ke Qingshi and others emphasized that the achievements of the "Great Leap Forward" were the main ones. Although they admitted that there were some problems, they were not serious. The work since the Zhengzhou meeting has solved the problem. Should go all out and continue to leap forward. But the middle and lower-level cadres in the party also had doubts and complaints. They believed that the large-scale steel smelting was not worth the loss. In Mao Zedong's view, these letters and Peng Dehuai's letter challenged the "three red flags" and shook the confidence of the whole party and the whole country to continue to leap forward.

On July 22, Ke Qingshi and others proposed to Mao Zedong that "resist this wind, or the team will disperse", thinking that Peng Dehuai's letter was directed at the general line and Mao Zedong. Therefore, Lao Mao took advantage of this letter to launch a struggle against right-wing opportunism in order to arouse people's "revolutionary energy" again, realize the great leap forward in industrial and agricultural production, and thus reverse the defeat in 1958.

On July 23, Mao Zedong delivered a speech at the Lushan Conference. The theme of the conference was changed from rectifying "Left" to anti-Right. Mao Zedong delivered a long speech at the plenary meeting, saying: Now that we are under attack from inside and outside the party, Peng Dehuai's letter shows "the vacillation of the bourgeoisie", it is an attack on the party, and it is an anti-party program of right opportunism, saying that they "touched some Nails, bleeding from the head, distraught, unable to stand, wavering, and standing in the middle. Whether the center is left or right still needs to be analyzed. Repeat the second half of 1956 and the first half of 1957 The road of comrades who have made mistakes for half a year. They are not rightists, but they have thrown themselves to the edge of the rightists, and they are still thirty kilometers away from the rightists, because the rightists welcome such arguments.”

Mao Zedong also raised the question of who the People's Liberation Army will go with: "If the People's Liberation Army does not follow me, I will organize the Red Army to go, and organize the People's Liberation Army. I think the People's Liberation Army will follow me."

From then on, the Lushan Conference changed from anti-left to anti-right, and began to criticize Peng Dehuai and others.

That night, Huang Kecheng, Zhou Xiaozhou, Zhou Hui, and Li Rui got together to complain. They doubted whether Mao Zedong's speech had been discussed by the Standing Committee and developed in accordance with the spirit of the speech. This will eventually lead to a split in the party. He also said that Mao Zedong should not direct economic construction on the front line, but should retreat to the second line, and so on.

On July 26, the meeting conveyed Mao Zedong's instructions: things are done by people, and things must be done by people. To draw a clear line, the issue must be clearly stated, not ambiguous. On the same day, the meeting also issued Mao Zedong's very long comment on Li Yunzhong's letter: "Now a new thing has emerged inside and outside the party, that is, right-leaning sentiment, right-leaning thought, and right-leaning activities have grown, and there is a tendency to rampant attacks. ""Anti-Right will lead to 'Left', and anti-'Left' will lead to Right. This is an inevitability. As far as the time is concerned, now is the time to talk about this."

After that, the criticism of Peng Dehuai and others was significantly upgraded, and the content of the criticism changed from conference speeches to comprehensive exposure and criticism including liquidating "historical old accounts". In their speeches, many people accused Peng Dehuai and others of wanting to set off a struggle in Lushan against the "general line." Under high pressure, Peng Dehuai and others had to review in group meetings.

On July 31 and August 1, the Standing Committee of the Politburo held two meetings. Lin Biao said that Peng Dehuai was an "ambitious, conspirator, and hypocrite." The meeting criticized Peng Dehuai. The meeting determined that Peng Dehuai's letter was a "right opportunist" program, and declared that Peng, Huang, and Zhang Zhou formed an anti-party group to carry out organized and purposeful activities.

Mao Zedong said that Peng Dehuai had "cooperated three-points and seven-pointed no cooperation" with him in history. From a philosophical point of view, he said that Peng Dehuai had a bourgeois world view and his methodology was empirical; Lin Biao accused Peng Dehuai of "only Chairman Mao can be a great hero, and no one else should If you want to be a hero, you and I are far away, so don't think about it."

After the two Standing Committee meetings, Mao Zedong left Huang Kecheng, Zhou Xiaozhou, Zhou Hui, and Li Rui who were present as non-voting attendees, and talked for a while. He said that they were allowed to attend the meeting as nonvoting delegates to receive education and not to be influenced by Peng Dehuai and that letter. Mao Zedong paid more attention to winning over Zhou Xiaozhou. Mao Zedong said that Peng Dehuai and the others wanted to disintegrate the party. They planned, organized, and prepared to attack the correct line from the right; .

Whoever has mastered the art of influencing the imagination of crowds has mastered the art of dominating them. Mao Zedong's art is to integrate the group around him at critical moments. Peng Dehuai lost because he did not have Mao Zedong's rule and the art of clustering.