Understanding Tibet
The wise man Agudengba and the caravan leader
Lacuo started their trip to Tibet again. They walked along southern Tibet to
the foot of Gongga Snow Mountain. Along the way, the two chatted about the
national purity and eugenics doctrine advocated by the Nazi Party, and also
talked about Nazi scientists' inspection of Tibet to find their ancestors, the
ancient Aryans.
Agudemba said:
A five-member German Nazi team made a special
trip to India and Tibet for investigation and research. In early May 1938, a
ship carrying five Germans docked in Colombo, Sri Lanka. From there they took
another ship to Madras, now Chennai, and a third ship to Calcutta. Late that
year, the five Germans entered Tibet with Nazi flags tied to their mules and
luggage. The swastika used by the Nazi Party can be seen everywhere in Tibet.
Among Hindus, the Swastika has always been a symbol of good luck. Even today
this symbol can be seen outside Hindu houses, inside temples, on street corners,
on tempos and trucks.
A 5-man team of German Nazis in Tibet
measured the skulls and facial details of Tibetans and made masks. They were
particularly interested in collecting material on the proportions, origins,
significance and development of the Nordic race in this region. By then, they
had measured the skulls and facial features of 376 Tibetans, taken 2,000
photos, "cast the heads, faces, hands and ears of 17 people" and
collected "fingerprints and handprints from another 350 people." .
2,000 "ethnographic artifacts" were also collected, and another
member of the task force took 18,000 meters of black-and-white film and 40,000
photographs.
During their investigation in Tibet, they
determined that the ancestors of the Germanic people should be the ancient
Aryans. The ancient Aryans were the greatest nation. Just when it seemed that
the five-member Nazi team in Germany could spend more time conducting real
"research" under the guise of conducting scientific investigations in
the fields of zoology, anthropology, etc., in August 1939, the inevitable war
occurred, and Germany Human adventures had to be cut short. A group of 5 German
Nazis brought most of their Tibetan "treasures" to a castle in
Salzburg, but once the Allies arrived in 1945, the place was attacked and most
of the Tibetan photos and other materials were destroyed.
Meanwhile, in Tibet, things are changing. The
13th Dalai Lama died in 1933 and the new Dalai Lama was only 3 years old, so
the Buddhist Kingdom of Tibet was controlled by a regent. The Germans were
treated with special kindness by the regent and ordinary Tibetans. But in the
mistaken imagination of the Nazis, Buddhism, like Hinduism, weakened the power
of the Aryans who came to Tibet and led to the loss of the Aryan spirit and
strength.
Lacuo said:
My ancestors all lived in Tibet, but I grew
up in Myanmar. I don’t know what kind of society Tibet is. Can you give me more
knowledge in this area?
Agudenba said:
Tibet was once known as the holy land closest
to heaven. Today's Tibet Autonomous Region is located in the southwest border
of China, in the southwest of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It spans 26°50'~36°53'
north latitude and 78°25'~99°06' east longitude, with an area of 1.2028 million
square kilometers, accounting for about one-eighth of China's total area,
second only to the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. It is about 1,000
kilometers wide from north to south and 2,000 kilometers long from east to
west. It is the largest plateau with the highest altitude in the world, and is
known as the "Roof of the World." It borders Xinjiang to the north,
Qinghai to the northeast, Sichuan to the east, Yunnan to the southeast, and
borders Myanmar, India, Bhutan, Nepal and other countries to the south and west.
The national border is 3,842 kilometers long and is an important gateway to
China's southwest border.
Tibet was called "Tubo" during the
Tang and Song Dynasties. Since the Yuan Dynasty, the central government has
always exercised effective jurisdiction over Tibet. It was called
"Wuzang" in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and "Tanggute" and
"Tibet" in the Qing Dynasty. It was called "Tibet" from the
Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty.
Tibet
not only has the strange geological landforms and unique natural scenery on the
roof of the world, but also has a unique social and cultural landscape. At its
peak in history, there were more than 2,700 temples, as well as many palaces,
gardens, castles, fortresses, and ancient tombs. , ancient monuments, etc.
Famous scenic spots include the Potala Palace, Jokhang Temple, Ganden Temple,
Mount Everest, and the Brahmaputra River.
As early as ancient times, ancient Tibetan
clans were formed on this land. From the ancient clans, they gradually evolved
into the four major clans in Tibet: Sai, Mu, Dun and Dong. On this basis, the
"Ra" and "Zhu" clans were added, commonly known as the
"six major clans".
A large number of ancient objects excavated
in Tibet can provide some scientific evidence of how humans developed in
Tibetan areas. During archaeological excavations in Tibet, archaeologists
discovered a large number of physical objects such as various stone tools,
pottery, bone tools, decorations, grain seeds, and even ancient human skulls
from the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. The ancient human bones excavated
from the banks of the Niyang River do not have the original characteristics of
apes and belong to modern humans. The bones of the "Nichi (Lynzhi)
man" are human bones from the Neolithic period or the age of iron and
stone, about 4,000 years ago.
Agudemba continued:
In the 6th century AD, after thousands of
years of migration, development, differentiation and combination, the tribes of
Tibetan ancestors formed dozens of tribal alliances, large and small. Among
them, there are the so-called "Forty Small States" distributed in
Tibet, which were merged into the "Twelve Small States".
At the beginning of the 7th century AD, the
powerful Tang Dynasty was established in the Central Plains. At the same time,
the Xiboye tribe, which rose from Yalong in Shannan, Tibet, gradually conquered
tribes from all over the country and established the Tubo Dynasty, the first
regime in history to unify all tribes on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Songtsen
Gampo, the leader of Tubo, admired the civilization of the Central Plains and
proposed to the Tang Dynasty several times. In the fifteenth year of Tang
Zhenguan (641), Emperor Taizong married Princess Wencheng to Songtsen Gampo.
Princess Wencheng's entry into Tubo intensified the economic and cultural
exchanges between Tang and Tibet and enhanced the friendly relations between
Tibetan and Chinese. At the beginning of the 8th century, the Tang Dynasty
married Princess Jincheng to Tubo. Tubo and the Tang Dynasty were "one
family". With the two marriages between the Tubo Dynasty and the Tang
Dynasty, there were frequent exchanges between the two sides, extensive and
in-depth political, economic, and cultural exchanges, and comprehensive
development of people-to-people exchanges. The relationship between Tibetans
and other ethnic groups in China has reached an unprecedented level of
closeness. The Tang and Tibetan parties met eight times. The "Tang-Tibet
Alliance Monument", also known as the "Changqing Alliance
Monument" and "Nephew and Uncle Alliance Monument", still stands
in front of the main entrance of the Jokhang Temple in Lhasa. It was the eighth
time. Established after the alliance. In the next three to four hundred years,
Tibetans had close ties with the Northern Song Dynasty, Southern Song Dynasty,
Xixia, Liao Dynasty, Jin Dynasty and other political regimes. Due to the chaos
of the Tubo ruling group, in 869, the common people rebelled, or the slave
civilian uprising. In 877, the rebel army excavated the tomb of King Zampu and
killed the royal family and nobles. The Tubo dynasty completely collapsed.
After the collapse of the Tubo Dynasty, during the 370 years from 869 to 1239,
a large unified political power was not established on the Qinghai-Tibet
Plateau, so it was called the period of separatism and separatism in history.
Agudumba
continued:
In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty
(1271), the Mongol Khan Kublai Khan designated the country as Yuan. Wusizang,
Duogan and other places became part of the unified multi-ethnic Yuan Empire.
Tibet was officially included in the central government of the Yuan Dynasty.
under the direct jurisdiction of. Wusi Zang refers to the central, western and
western areas of today's Tibet. After the Yuan Dynasty unified China, it
adopted a series of far-reaching policy measures based on the actual situation
in Tibetan areas:
For example, a central organization, the
Zongzhiyuan, was established for the first time to take charge of national
Buddhist affairs and military and political affairs in Tibet and other places.
They checked households in Tibet, set up post stations, collected taxes,
stationed troops, appointed officials, and promulgated the Yuan Dynasty
criminal law and calendar in Tibet. Appoint Tibetan monks and laymen to serve
as senior officials from central to local levels. The establishment of
administrative agencies in Wusizang, Duogan and other places, as well as the
appointment and dismissal, promotion, promotion and punishment of officials,
are all subject to the central government's orders. Divide the local
administrative regions of Tibet. The central government of the Yuan Dynasty
established three independent Xuanwei Envoys in Tibetan areas, all of which
were directly under the management of the Xuanzhengyuan. This is what is called
the "Three Districts of Ka" in Tibetan history books.
In the first year of Hongwu in the Ming
Dynasty (1368), the Ming Dynasty replaced the Yuan Dynasty. It adopted the
method of confiscating the old imperial edicts and old seals of the Yuan
Dynasty and replacing them with the new imperial edicts and new seals of the
Ming Dynasty. It inherited the national sovereignty over Tibet.
However, the Ming Dynasty did not follow the
official system of the Yuan Dynasty, but established a unique system of
conferring monks and officials. Representative political and religious leaders
from various places were given different titles by the Ming Dynasty. They were
awarded seals and titles, and ordered to manage their respective places. The
inheritance of their positions must be approved by the emperor, and their names
can be directly transferred to the emperor. . In terms of administrative
divisions and military and political institutions, the Ming Dynasty basically
inherited the Yuan Dynasty’s division methods in Tibet. Officials in military
and political institutions at all levels are appointed by local monks and lay
leaders. The appointment, dismissal, and promotion of officials at all levels
were directly decided by the central government of the Ming Dynasty, and seals
and seals were issued.
In the first year of Shunzhi of the Qing
Dynasty (1644), the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing and then
unified China. The Qing Dynasty exercised sovereignty in Tibet in accordance
with historical regulations. As long as the officials granted by the previous
dynasty submitted the seal of the old dynasty, they would be granted the seal
of the new dynasty and their original status would remain unchanged. In the
ninth year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (1652), the fifth Dalai Lama of the
Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism was summoned to Beijing to meet Emperor Shunzhi,
the ancestor of the Qing Dynasty. He was officially canonized by the Qing
Dynasty the following year; later, the fifth Panchen Lama was canonized by
Emperor Kangxi. The titles of the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Erdeni and their
political and religious status in Tibet were thus officially established. Since
then, all Dalai Lamas and Panchen Lamas have been canonized by the central
government and have been custom-made. In the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign in
the Qing Dynasty (1727), Emperor Yongzheng officially established the Minister
in Tibet to handle Tibetan affairs.
The Qing Dynasty's governance and management
of Tibet, based on summarizing the experience of governing Tibet in the Yuan
and Ming dynasties, made major and comprehensive adjustments based on actual
conditions and changes in the situation, such as: setting up a minister in
Tibet to oversee the entire Tibet; adjusting the political and religious
management of Tibet system; bestowed the names of the Dalai Lama and Panchen
Erdeni, and established the system of drawing lots from the golden urn;
established the principle that the decision-making power of local foreign
affairs and border defense in Tibet should be vested in the central government;
demarcated the boundaries between present-day Tibet and Qinghai, Sichuan, and
Yunnan boundaries; stipulates the jurisdiction and authority of the Dalai Lama
and Panchen Erdeni, and divides the areas directly under the jurisdiction of
the ministers stationed in Tibet.
Agudengba told Lacuo:
In the third year of Xuantong in the Qing
Dynasty (1911), the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the feudal monarchy and
established the Republic of China the following year. The "Provisional
Constitution of the Republic of China" clearly stipulates that Tibet is
one of the 22 provinces of the Republic of China. The Constitution and other
laws and regulations officially promulgated since then clearly stipulate that
Tibet is part of the Republic of China. A large number of archival records
during the Republic of China prove that during the Republic of China,
representatives of the Dalai Lama, the Tibetan local government and the Panchen
Erdeni were all sent to participate in and be elected in all parliaments, the
highest state power organs, national deliberative bodies or national
assemblies. Or appoint various national public offices and participate in the
management of national affairs.
In October 1950, the 18th Army of the Chinese
People's Liberation Army liberated Qamdo. On May 23, 1951, the Central People's
Government and the Tibetan Local Government signed the "Agreement between
the Central People's Government and the Tibetan Local Government on Measures
for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet." The peaceful liberation of Tibet.
On April 22, 1956, the Tibet Autonomous Region Preparatory Committee held its
founding meeting in Lhasa and was officially established. On March 10, 1959,
the Tibetan local government and upper-level groups publicly tore up the
agreement on the peaceful liberation of Tibet and staged an armed rebellion in
Lhasa; on March 17, the Dalai Lama fled Lhasa; on March 22, the rebellion in
Lhasa city was Complete suppression. On March 28, Premier Zhou Enlai issued an
order to dissolve the Tibetan local government, appointed Panchen Erdeni Chokyi
Gyaltsen, deputy chairman, as acting chairman, and appointed the preparatory
committee standing committee members Pabala Gelelangye and Ngabo Ngawang Jigme
is the deputy chairman. and carry out Tibetan democratic reforms ahead of schedule.
Lacuo asked again:
Tibet has now become one of the hottest
topics in the world. What happened during this period?
Agudengba told Lacuo:
The "Tibet" mentioned by the
People's Republic of China refers to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, while the
traditional scope of Tibet includes southern Tibet that is currently controlled
by India but claimed by China. These areas are similar to Arunachal Pradesh,
which is currently administered by India. It partially overlaps and is
basically equivalent to the entire area under the jurisdiction of the Lhasa
government during the middle and late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.
The Tibetan-inhabited areas in the four provinces of Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan
and Yunnan outside the Tibet Autonomous Region are collectively called the
"Tibetan Areas of the Four Provinces".
"Tibet" as defined by the Tibetan
government-in-exile, also known as the "Greater Tibet Area", includes
the current Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai and small parts of Gansu, Sichuan,
and Yunnan. Its overall area is twice the size of the current Tibet Autonomous
Region and roughly equivalent to the Tang Dynasty. It has been a traditional
Tibetan settlement area for generations. The broad Tibetan-speaking area and
Tibetan ethnic area also includes Bhutan, Sikkim, Ladakh and the mountainous
areas of northern Nepal.
The Tibetan government-in-exile claims that
before 1950, the Dalai Lama administered the three traditional Tibetan
provinces of Uizang, Kham, and Amdo. The Tibetan Government in Exile and Free
Tibet state that this view is accepted by most Western organizations. This area
covers an area of approximately 2.5 million square kilometers, equivalent to
26% of the area of the People's Republic of China, but does not include
Arunachal Pradesh (called South Tibet in China), Sikkim, and Lada, which are
controlled by the Republic of India in South Asia. Gram and the Kingdom of
Bhutan and other countries and regions that historically belong to the Tibetan
cultural circle.
The proposal of the Greater Tibet region
proposed by the Tibetan government-in-exile is an important proposition to
unite Tibetans in exile. If the Tibetan government-in-exile decides not to
pursue the Greater Tibet region, it will cause problems with the eastern
Tibetans among the overseas Tibetans and other surrounding Tibetan ethnic
groups. Split, permanently destroying the unity of the Tibetan community in
exile. The government of the People's Republic of China strongly opposes this
concept, calling the Tibetan government-in-exile's claim the Greater Tibet
Area. The Dalai Lama refuted the Chinese government's accusations, claiming
that he had never proposed the concept of Greater Tibet, saying that Tibet's
religious culture itself is not limited to the Tibetan Autonomous Region, but also
includes all Tibetan areas, and should be truly realized in all Tibetan
autonomous areas stipulated by Chinese law. autonomy.
Lacuo asked:
Many people can't figure out why southern
Tibet has become controversial. Is there anything well-known about it?
Agudengba
explained to Lacuo the disputes over southern Tibet:
Southern Tibet includes Tawang, the hometown
of the sixth Dalai Lama Tsangyang Gyatso, located on the south side of the
Himalayas. According to the McMahon Line, about 90,000 square kilometers of
land were assigned to British India, and the Tibetan-Indian border was moved
nearly 100 kilometers north. A series of documents and agreements produced at
the Simla Conference held in the northern Indian city of Simla between October
1913 and July 1914 and attended by representatives of the government of the
Republic of China, British India and Kashag, Tibet, including The McMahon Line.
Representatives of the Republic of China government refused to sign the
agreement, and neither the Republic of China nor the People's Republic of China
recognized its validity under international law. Tibetan representatives
accepted the McMahon Line on the condition that Britain promoted Tibetan
independence. Later, he also refused to recognize the McMahon Line.
After independence, India claimed to inherit
all international laws of the former British India and used the agreement as
its territorial claim in southern Tibet. On June 4, 2008, the 14th Dalai Lama,
who also held political positions at the time, said in an interview with a
reporter from the New India Times that Dalai Lama, located in Arunachal Pradesh
(what China calls the southern Tibetan region), Wang belongs to Indian
territory and recognizes the validity of the Treaty of Simla and the McMahon
Line.
Lacuo was speechless and said nothing more.
Agudengba pointed to the snow-capped
mountains in the distance and sang an impromptu song "The Blessing of the
Gongga Snow Mountains":
We stand
under the high snow-covered plateau,
Looking at
the beautiful and white Gongga Snow Mountain,
Brought
greetings and blessings to us.
This is
the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the roof of the world.
Keep your
pure and unpolluted heart,
These
thoughts are in the hearts of the people.
Tibetans
treat the land and snow-capped mountains piously,
And the
yaks and monks here,
There are
even grasses on the snowy plateau.
This snowy
piety is far away from the hustle and bustle,
In the
invisible sky above this earth,
It forms a
protective and safe barrier.
People's
hearts block a lot of negative energy,
This piety
has never disappeared,
But the
world under the protection of the roof,
But greed
breeds destructive power,
More and
more holes are forming inside,
It is
urgent to repair this hole.
The
destructive events that occur in the world every day,
increasingly
profound impact on daily life.
The most
powerful force on the roof of the world,
Never
among temples and monks,
but in the
hearts of pious people.
It is
these pious and pure hearts,
Keep the
purity of this snowy world.
