Wake up（54）

 

Chapter 10 Fighting

 

54

 

When Wu Qiankun and He Jiafu communicated, what they talked about most was the past events of the Lushan Conference.

The Great Leap Forward that shocked the world in China stemmed from the continuous political suppression, campaigns, brainwashing of the people, and even the rightists who were "sealed" by the whole people after "liberation". Anyone who spoke the truth would suffer Criticism and rectification, the whole society has no opposition, checks and balances, and even the noise is gone, all the imperial autocracy that only acts on the will of the Holy One.

A direct manifestation of the destruction of astronomical numbers of human lives by the "Great Leap Forward" is that the tyrannical power and brutal suppression drove the vast number of peasants and devolved rightists to continue to carry out high-intensity, ultra-extreme forced labor, resulting in severe physical exhaustion and extreme lack of nutrition. Supplies, resulting in chronic death of life exhaustion; even the violent means of killing many people to search for the life-saving rations of farmers, but they are not allowed to flee famine to beg for food, help each other, and some are not even allowed to go up the mountain to dig wild vegetables or put seals to seal the door. Forcibly confined to the village to starve to death.

In that extremely difficult era, most Chinese people lived in hunger and fear for a long time, especially during the famine caused by the Great Leap Forward, the vast rural areas almost regressed to the serf era 2,000 years ago, and Chinese society has become a society. Large prisons—strict household registration system and meticulous social control deprive the people of the most basic freedom of life, especially the peasants are firmly bound to the land, and the people's communes manage the peasants in captivity like livestock. Coupled with the ideological restraint that goes deep into everyone's most private heart, even if it is just a word of shouting that you are hungry, you may easily cause trouble to your upper body, ransacking your home, criticizing, parading in the street, kneeling and punishing, beating, etc.

Forced labor and private prisons are disguised as labor reforms. Many rural cadres can arrest people at will and even beat them to death. Severe restrictions on communication, speech and even intercepted outgoing letters block the connection between farmers and the outside world. Without a certificate issued by an authority Going out, even fleeing famine and begging for food, you have to be arrested as "blind migrants" and "rogue criminals". Once you find a farmhouse emitting smoke, you will be criticized and severely punished. A pot of clear soup, and a series of punishments such as "withholding food" if you are slightly dissatisfied or offended... A student in Qin'an County, Gansu Province said he was hungry and was arrested and sentenced to eight years of labor reform. Wu Detong, a farmer in Guangshan County, Henan Province, was so hungry that he uttered a word of dissatisfaction and was beaten to death. A farmer surnamed Wang in Shangcheng County was so hungry that he stole wheat and was forced to chop off his hands by the team leader; a woman in Wenxiaoyuan, Nanwa Dazhewu, Guanmiao County, was burnt alive by team officials who poured kerosene and struck a match .

From July 2 to August 1, 1959, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held an enlarged meeting in Lushan, Jiangxi, and then the Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was held from August 2 to 16. The topic of the early stage of the meeting is to sum up experience and correct mistakes. Focus on discussing the 19 issues raised by Mao Zedong, including the situation, tasks, system, propaganda, comprehensive balance, mass line, cooperation area relations, public canteens, rural primary markets, production teams as accounting units, etc. At this meeting, Chairman Mao Zedong of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China mobilized the whole party to complete the production task of the Great Leap Forward as soon as possible. Li Rui, the recorder at the time, believed that the Lushan Conference was indeed a bit like a "meeting of gods" at the beginning.

On the way to Mount Lushan on June 29 and in his speech on July 2, Mao Zedong believed that the general situation is that the achievements are great, there are many problems, and the future is bright. He asked the participants to sum up the experience and lessons and unify the understanding of the whole party under the premise of fully affirming the achievements. .

Mao Zedong pointed out that one of the main lessons of the Great Leap Forward was that there was no comprehensive balance. In the past, the national economy was arranged in the order of emphasizing, emphasizing, and agriculture, and the sequence determined in "On Ten Major Relationships" was not implemented. The national economic plan should be arranged in the order of agriculture, light and heavy, and heavy industry should serve light industry and agriculture.

On the afternoon of July 10, Mao Zedong made a speech, talking about the situation, unity and other issues. Emphasizing that the general line is correct, from the overall point of view, the relationship between achievements and shortcomings is still the relationship between nine fingers and one finger, refuting the statement that the gains outweigh the losses.

However, on July 14, Peng Dehuai, Marshal of the People's Republic of China, Vice Premier of the State Council, and Minister of National Defense, wrote a letter to Mao Zedong, Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, in response to the problems that existed objectively at that time, stating his views on the left-leaning mistakes and their actions since 1958. Comments on lessons learned.

Peng Dehuai wrote to Mao Zedong and said: "The outstanding contradictions we are facing in the construction work at present are the tensions in all aspects caused by the imbalance of proportions. In terms of its nature, the development of this situation has affected workers and peasants, and urban areas. The relationship between different strata and among the various strata of peasants is therefore also political in nature.... It is generally more difficult to correct these "leftist" phenomena than to counteract right-leaning conservative thinking. This is what our party's historical experience shows. Proven."

In Peng Dehuai's letter to Mao Zedong, he first affirmed that the policy of the "Great Leap Forward" in 1958 was correct, but then Peng Dehuai pointed out the problems of the "Great Leap Forward": "The trend of exaggeration has generally grown", "the fanaticism of the petty bourgeoisie, make us prone to the mistakes of the left". Peng Dehuai said in the letter: "In the capital construction in 1958, it seems that some projects were rushed too much, part of the funds were scattered, and some projects that must be completed were delayed. This is a shortcoming." "In 1959, not only did not Slow down the pace a little bit, control it properly, and continue the Great Leap Forward, so that the phenomenon of imbalance has not been adjusted in time, and new temporary difficulties have been added. The achievements and lessons learned in the past six months are of great benefit to further educating all comrades in the party. The purpose is to distinguish right from wrong, improve thinking, and generally not to pursue personal responsibility. On the contrary, it is not conducive to unity and is not conducive to the cause.”

On July 14, the meeting issued the "Agreement Records on Various Issues at the Lushan Conference" (draft), and the "Three Red Flags" policy was affirmed again, while pointing out some policy deviations in the "Great Leap Forward".

On July 16, Mao Zedong printed and distributed it to all members of the meeting under the title "Comrade Peng Dehuai's Opinion Letter", asking for "comments on the nature of this letter." He himself did not make any comments on this letter. The meeting then turned to a discussion of the letter. On the same day, Mao Zedong sent Huang Kecheng, Secretary of the Secretariat of the CPC Central Committee and Chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, up the mountain to attend the meeting.

A rare political storm thus filled the whole of China.

醒悟（54）

 

第10章 恶斗

 

54

 

巫乾坤与何家福交流时谈得最多的是庐山会议那些恶斗往事。

中国那场惊煞世界、荒缪绝伦的大跃进，源于“解放后”接连不断的政治打压、运动整人、愚民洗脑及至右派们被一网打尽全民“封口”后，凡是说真话就要挨批挨整，全社会没有了任何反对、制衡力量甚至连杂音都没有了后，一切唯圣上旨意行事的皇权专制。

“大跃进”毁灭天文数字人命的一个直接表现，就是以暴虐的强权、野蛮的打压驱使广大农民和下放的右派分子们持续进行高强度、超极限的强迫劳动，造成严重体力透支又极其缺乏营养补给从而造成生命衰竭的慢性死亡；甚至以打死逼死多少人的暴力手段搜尽农民保命的口粮而又不准逃荒要饭、互相救助，有的甚至不准上山挖野菜或贴封条封门，被强行限制在村子里活活饿死。

在那个极其苦难的年代，大多数中国人长期生活在饥饿和恐惧之中，特别是在大跃进造成的大饥荒年月，广大农村几乎倒退到了 2000 年前的农奴时代，中国社会俨然成了一个大监狱——严密的户籍制度及疏而不漏的社会控制，剥夺了人民最基本的生活自由尤其将农民牢牢地束缚在土地上，人民公社对农民像牲畜一样圈养圈管的集中营式管理加上深入到每个人最私秘心灵的思想钳制，哪怕只是一句喊肚子饿的话也可能动辄得咎惹祸上身，抄家、批斗、游街、跪罚、毒打、强制劳动、私设监狱变相劳改，许多农村干部都能随便抓人关人甚至活活打死，严厉限制通讯、言论甚至截留外发的信件封锁死农民同外界的联系，没有权力机构开具的证明休想外出，甚至逃荒要饭也要作为“盲流”、“流窜犯”来抓，一旦发现有农家冒炊烟必遭批斗严惩，像劳改犯一样强迫劳动、昼夜下苦力还只能翻山越岭到集体食堂喝大锅清汤，稍有不满或冒犯还要遭受“扣饭”等一系列惩罚……甘肃秦安县一个学生说吃不饱肚子饿，被抓捕判刑劳改八年。河南光山县农民吴德桐饿得受不了说了句不满的话被活活打死。商城县一个姓王的农民饿极偷麦吃，被队长逼着自己把手剁掉；该县观庙南洼大榨屋文小塆一位妇女，被队干部一个倒煤油一个划火柴活活烧死。

1959年7月2日到8月1日中国共产党中央政治局在江西庐山召开了扩大会议，以及紧接着于8月2日到16日召开了中共八届八中全会。会议前期的议题是总结经验，纠正错误。着重讨论毛泽东提出的19个问题，包括形势、任务、体制、宣传、综合平衡、群众路线、协作区关系、公共食堂、农村初级市场、以生产小队为核算单位等问题。在本次会议上中共中央主席毛泽东动员全党尽快完成大跃进生产任务。当时的记录员李锐认为，庐山会议一开始确有点像“神仙之会”的味道，“白天开会游山，晚上散步跳舞”。

毛泽东于6月29日前往庐山途中和7月2日讲话认为总的形势是成绩伟大，问题不少，前途光明，他要求与会者在充分肯定成绩的前提下，总结经验教训，统一全党认识。

毛泽东指出大跃进的主要教训之一，就是没有搞综合平衡，过去安排国民经济的次序是重、轻、农，没有执行《论十大关系》确定的序列。应当反过来，以农、轻、重的次序安排国民经济计划，重工业要为轻工业和农业服务。

7月10日下午，毛泽东讲话，谈了形势、团结等问题。强调总路线是正确的，从全局来看，成绩与缺点错误还是九个指头与一个指头的关系，批驳了得不偿失的说法。

但是在7月14日那天，中华人民共和国元帅、国务院副总理、国防部长彭德怀针对当时客观存在的问题，给中国共产党中央委员会主席毛泽东写了一封信，陈述他对1958年以来左倾错误及其经验教训的意见。

彭德怀给毛泽东写信说：“现时我们在建设工作中所面临的突出矛盾，是由于比例失调而引起各方面的紧张。就其性质看，这种情况的发展已影响到工农之间，城市各阶层之间和农民各阶层之间的关系，因此也是具有政治性的。……纠正这些‘左’的现象，一般要比反掉右倾保守思想还要困难些，这是我们党的历史经验所证明了的。”

 彭德怀给毛泽东的信中首先肯定1958年“大跃进”的方针是正确的，但接着彭德怀指出了“大跃进”的问题：“浮夸风气较普遍地滋长起来”、“小资产阶级的狂热性，使我们容易犯左的错误”。彭德怀在信中说：“1958年的基本建设，现在看来有些项目是过急过多了一些，分散了一部分资金，推迟了一部分必成项目，这是一个缺点”，“1959年就不仅没有把步伐放慢一点，加以适当控制，而且继续大跃进，这就使不平衡现像没有得到及时调整，增加了新的暂时困难”；最后他指出：“我觉得，系统地总结一下我们去年下半年以来工作中的成绩和教训，进一步教育全党同志，甚有益处。其目的是要达到明辨是非，提高思想，一般的不去追究个人责任。反之，是不利于团结，不利于事业的。”

7月14日这一天，会议印发了《庐山会议诸问题的议定记录》（草稿），“三面红旗”政策再次受到肯定，同时指出了“大跃进”中政策的一些偏差。

7月16日，毛泽东以“彭德怀同志的意见书”为标题，印发给与会全体成员，要求“评论这封信的性质”，他本人未对这封信做任何评论。会议便转入对这封信的讨论。同日，毛泽东又调中共中央书记处书记、中国人民解放军总参谋长黄克诚上山参加会议。

一场罕见的政治风暴由此弥漫了全中国。

Wake up（53）

 

53

 

Life is short, but there are many experiences that are unforgettable. For nearly a hundred years, the Chinese seem to have survived by shouting slogans. With those resounding slogans, hundreds of millions of Chinese people strode forward with great vigor. However, time flies, we have passed the hasty years, we have given all of ourselves, from youth to life, and the result is empty-handed, nothing, and even our own thoughts are strictly controlled.

Wu Qiankun said to He Jiafu: "The inferiority of the Chinese people is stupidity and ignorance, and they have always been accustomed to living in nightmares. Those hateful treacherous officials and shameless experts will always come up with some tricks to fool the people in order to flatter them. "

Wu Qiankun said angrily: All kinds of outlandish, outlandish, reckless acts that cost people and money were created during the Great Leap Forward. Hundreds of thousands of acres of double-cropping late rice that was forced to be promoted in Chongning County, Sichuan Province, had not yet headed until September. The county held a pledging meeting to ensure a good harvest of late rice, and various communes organized labor forces to guard the fields day and night. Lingsheng Township uses "thermal fertilizers" such as plant ash, chicken, and cow dung to increase the ground temperature; Junping Township "automatically saves three to five taels of vegetable oil" and applies mixed manure to the fields; "Draining ditches, erecting frames along the middle, and combing hair in separate compartments; the Jinxing Society lit fires around the field ridges, and used bamboo tubes to input heating into the fields, set up braziers around the field ridges to "resist low temperature invasion", or sprayed oil with beef bones to promote early earing and flowering.

In order to achieve the goal of high yield, in some places, gas lamps are installed on high-yield fields to increase photosynthesis, and in some places, blowers are installed on the edge of the fields to blow air to the fields. Some invented the method of boiling dog meat soup as fertilizer. No matter who owned the dog or what breed it was, they would all be killed in public without having their intestines broken. They would throw the whole thing into a big pot and boil it. The dog meat soup would be sprinkled on the fields, saying It is crops drinking can increase production. After all the dogs were beaten to death in Fuping County, Shaanxi Province, the refined broth was boiled and poured on the fields. In some places, "glucose" for wheat was invented. Dense holes were made with wooden sticks in the wheat field, and the thin manure soup mixed with human excrement and urine was poured into it. It was said that the crops would grow faster, but who knew it? After a few days, the wheat seedlings will all turn yellow. The reason is that the root system of the wheat is damaged, and it is difficult to absorb too much fertilizer, so it burns to death. In order to produce grain early, Xiangyin County, Hunan Province called on farmers to eat New Year's rice and soak the seeds. As a result, the 94,200 kilograms of seeds sown all rotted because the land was still cold.

The high-yield big talk is exhausted, the absurd methods have been exhausted, and hundreds of millions of farmers have been tossed to death, but the actual grain production is far from keeping up with the leap forward target set by the authorities. Falsification has become the only "outlet". The most common method of fraud is to move all the mature crops to one field for acceptance by superiors, or to invite leaders and media from all parties to "harvest on the spot", and often repeat the weighing through careful arrangements. In order to prevent flaws from being seen, some places transplanted rice that had not yet headed and flowered together in advance, and all of them rotted in the field.

The People's Daily, an authoritative newspaper representing the "mouthpiece" of the Party Central Committee, has been reprimanded by Mao as a "dead man running a newspaper" since 1957 when Mao's speech was not published in time according to the central government's regulations, and the editor-in-chief was changed. People suddenly became fierce and powerful, and first charged in the "anti-rightists", and then led the people of the whole country to run wildly in the "satellite release" competition in 1958: June 11, Wei County, Hebei, 2394 kg; June 18 , Gaoqiu County, Henan Province, 4,412 kg; June 21, Henan Hui County, 4,535 kg; June 30, Hebei Anguo County, 5,103 kg... On July 12, Henan Province, which has released 29 wheat satellites Super satellite launch: Heping Society, Xiping County yields 7,320 catties per mu!

When the northern wheat-producing areas were covered with satellites, Wang Renzhong, Secretary of the Hubei Provincial Party Committee, asked why it was not possible to produce 10,000 jin of rice per mu? Sure enough, on August 1, the People's Daily reported on the front page that Hubei model worker Guan Musheng's "Changfeng Society Rides the Changfeng to Break the Waves—Early Rice Yields 15,000 Jin per Mu".

The China Youth Daily did not show weakness, published Qian Xuesen's majestic article on the yield of ten thousand catties per mu, and published an editorial "We can produce as much as we need", "How much grain can one mu of land produce?

We have now found a complete answer to this question, which is "How bold people are, how productive the land is"... Facts have proved that the development of agricultural production in our country is unlimited, and we can produce as much as we need. "

"How bold a person is, how productive the land is" has since become the "famous saying" and "basis" for launching high-yield satellites.

Everyone knows it is fake, and no one dares to tell the truth. Everyone has to participate in bragging and one must be better than the other, otherwise you must be the one who suffers. Yang Xianzhen, vice president of the Central Party School, went to Henan and saw the slogan "How bold the people are, how productive the land is" and put forward different opinions. He was criticized in Henan and punished again after returning to Beijing. Peking University and Renmin University formed a joint investigation team on the people's communes to investigate Henan and other places, and produced a "Compilation of Issues" to report to the central government the actual situation of rural exaggeration and bragging and the peasants' suffering from it. It was accused of being "crazy" Oppose the Three Red Flags", Zou Lufeng, a member of the Beijing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China who was in charge of this matter, the vice president and first deputy secretary of Peking University, was forced to commit suicide by jumping into a lake. Not telling lies or not telling lies is not enough to be punished, not only to touch the soul, but also to suffer from flesh and blood.

That year, Xichong held a meeting of cadres above the party secretary of the rural brigade, forcing everyone to express their views on high-yield satellites, and then on the spot a few officials who reported the least output and boasted the least amount of bragging were caught on the spot. , and then the participants and other executive organizers prepared in advance to beat them like raindrops with bamboo boards. This method of playing Xichong is commonly known as "playing the soft board". Fighting "Rightists", punishing "Rightist elements", fighting "bad elements", holding struggle meetings, etc. are also often used in this way, and it is often heard that they are beaten to death on the spot.

Exaggeration and bragging have become a social trend that everyone has to do and dare not do, and the "high-yield satellite" in the People's Daily has risen accordingly: On August 22, the yield per mu in Fanchang County, Anhui Province was 43,075 jin; , the yield per mu in Pixian County, Sichuan is 82,525 jin... The "high-yield satellite" in the People's Daily has been placed in Huanjiang County, Guangxi 130,434 jin, and Xiaozhan Commune, Hebei 152,533 jin. The yield per mu is 130,000 catties and 150,000 catties! Think about it, if more than 100,000 catties of rice are piled on an acre of land, no one person is tall and at least tens of centimeters thick. No wonder Lao Mao repeatedly expressed his concern about "what to do when there is too much food".

The Great Leap Forward also has a nice name: "production revolution and technological revolution." Since Lao Mao talked about breaking superstition at the second meeting of the Eighth National Congress, and wrote the comment that "the lowly are the smartest, and the noble are the most stupid", Amidst the overwhelming propaganda, the "humble people" suddenly realized that "science" is nothing more than that: scientific inventions are mostly made by people without culture and education.

All kinds of blown out and exaggerated "inventions" and achievements have appeared in the newspapers one after another.

The "Nongdahei" hen bred by Beijing Agricultural University lays more than three or two eggs. Members of Hexing Management District, Suiping County, Henan Province used millet and sorghum to graft and cultivate "Sorghum Valley". Wang Lizhi of the Shandong Provincial Institute of Horticultural Science grafted the young apple fruit onto the growing pumpkin. The shape, color, taste and size of the apple fruit were the same as those on the tree.

Shang Machao, a sixth-grade student at Qingtou Primary School in Xieyu County, Shanxi Province, grafted tomatoes and potatoes to form a "two-story" plant, and grafted cotton to sunflower seedlings to grow black cotton.

Since ancient times, hens have hatched chickens, and roosters can neither lay eggs nor hatch chicks except for crowing. However, members of the Agricultural Society of Linji Village, Pucheng County, Shaanxi Province have succeeded in experimenting with roosters hatching chicks. The method is to cut off the genitals of the cock, get it drunk with two glasses of wine, and let the drunk chicken hatch the chicks. After three days in this way, the rooster will not leave the egg, and the chicks can be hatched and raised all the time.

Six students from the Animal Husbandry Department of Northwest Agricultural University formed a "satellite commando team". In order to improve feed management methods, they moved into the pig shed to live with the pigs. Then part of the thymus of the pig is cut off, so that the daily weight gain of the pig is greatly improved. According to the report, "20 pigs gained an average of 6 and a half catties in 5 days, and one of them gained 19 catties a day".

In order to "solve the sharp contradiction between a good harvest and a shortage of labor", the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued an instruction to quickly carry out a movement to improve agricultural tools in the countryside, requiring the entire party to mobilize and the whole people to do it. "Everyone is a craftsman, and every household is a factory."

Beijing held an exhibition of agricultural tool innovation, exhibiting thousands of "new agricultural tools", most of which are wooden and manual, "manual combine harvesters" operated by people, giant human-powered irrigation devices that can only be activated by dozens of people, and For things like perpetual motion machines, the entire open-air exhibition site is like a medieval museum, and batches of officials at all levels and representatives from various places come here to open their eyes and inspire inspiration. 36 "smartest" illiterate and semi-literate people were recruited as members of the China Society of Agricultural Machinery. It is said that the various human-powered machines they created can improve work efficiency by tens or hundreds of times, and are even "dozens of times higher than animal power."

The most famous new farm tool is the double-wheeled double-share plow that has made a lot of noise. This kind of guy with an all-metal structure with wheels and two front and rear blades has a heavy weight of more than 300 kilograms, and the lightest one has a weight of more than 180 kilograms. This stupid and clumsy guy was introduced from Eastern Europe as a new type of farm tool. It was difficult to use in the plains, but it was a waste of money in the mountains and paddy fields. It had a terrible reputation. In 1956, 1.6 million units were forcibly promoted. Farmers were deceived and demanded to "return the plow". However, due to Lao Mao's support, it had to be promoted in rural areas across the country, otherwise they would be criticized for being "rightist and conservative". During the Great Leap Forward, Sichuan bought more than 40,000 new plows that were forcibly apportioned when all of them were abandoned after being used in the countryside. The result was still a pile of scrap iron. Except for occasional performances to superiors, no farmer was willing to use them.

Sichuan Province, which is eager to transport grain to the whole country, requires transportation to realize the "seven modernizations": rural transportation by car, water transportation mechanization, vehicle tape, mountainous transportation on packs and rails, ferry bridges, and transportation mechanization... Chengdu Plain The 400,000 rooster carts in China require enlarged wheels, tapes on the wheels, and marble discs on the axles, and a "three-wheeled rooster cart" with a load of one ton has also been manufactured.

After science was swept away as superstition, many bizarre and absurd "scientific inventions" appeared one after another, becoming a great spectacle in the Great Leap Forward, wasting countless human, financial and material resources, and ruining industrial and agricultural production. For example, a car pulls dozens of trailers to make "car trains", and the whole people play balls to make "mechanization" of "bearings". Henan boasted that there were 108 counties in seven regions of the province, and in 1958 "basically achieved the bearing industry in counties, districts and districts". Zhejiang vowed to put all the improved farm tools on bearings by the end of October. Beijing also held a ball bearing exhibition.

The one that is comparable to "carization of trains" is "railwayization of wooden tracks". Anren District, Dayi County, Sichuan Province was full of ambitions, and started to repair the "District Ring Line" of the wooden rail soil train. After a section was completed, the Wenjiang Prefectural Committee went to hold an on-site meeting, so places where it was convenient to cut down trees followed suit. Guang'an County, Deng Xiaoping's hometown, has a bigger appetite and has started construction of "the first county-run railway in Sichuan." A report from Xinhua News Agency said, "At present, people building roads are erecting ladders, overpasses, roadbeds, and bridges and culverts in the mountains. They use the light rails from the mine to supplement the line, and if the rails are not enough, they use wooden rails covered with iron sheets to erect double tracks."

The grave-digging movement also set off a climax. In order to level the land, transform the soil, and expand the area of cultivated land, people across the country "digged up the graves of their ancestors". Because those coffins and steles can be "used to build bridges, pave roads, build melon sheds, and repair pigpens. The stronger coffins are also good materials for making wheels." Almost all the trees and coffins were fed into the iron-making clay blast furnace and the large firewood stove in the public canteen.

All the "superstitions" of science have been wiped out, there is nothing impossible in the world, and the race to create miracles is getting higher and higher. The agricultural exhibition is full of all kinds of "kings": the tree-like rapeseed king, the cotton king, the rice king who bears a few catties of millet, the corn king with five or six bags hanging, and the forked king. The king of wheat, the king of red sweet potato like a pumpkin, the king of pumpkins carried by two people, the king of winter melons half as tall as a man, the king of loofahs as long as a pole, the king of fat pigs like a hippopotamus, the king of chickens, kings of ducks, kings of rabbits...

The Xinhua News Agency reported that a 66-year-old farmer grafted cotton onto Chinese toon trees, and "four plants have begun to sprout"; someone crossed wheat and corn to breed wheat that is grown twice a year in the local area... The popular view is that A hybrid of tomato and sweet potato will grow tomatoes on the top and sweet potato on the bottom, a hybrid of sheep and cattle will grow as big as a cow, and a hybrid of pig and elephant will grow as big as an elephant. But no one has thought about it or dared not say: Will a cow become as big as a sheep after a crossbreeding of cattle and sheep, and will an elephant become as big as a pig after crossbreeding an elephant with a pig?

"Invention and creation" climaxes one after another, and all arrows are fired at once. Nothing can keep up with the needs of "one day is equal to twenty years". Everything must be leap forward and leap forward. If the animal power is not enough, there will be a breeding leap forward.

Sichuan Daily reported that four agricultural cooperatives, including Qixing No. 1 Cooperative in Daliang Township, Guang'an County, "increased the number of live pigs from more than 600 to more than 6,000 in just ten days, and the number of pigs in Huping reached 30." A sow in Chunguang Sanshe, Jiangping Township, Hongya County gave birth to two consecutive litters within 20 days, with 8 pigs in the first litter, each weighing 8.6 catties, and 8 pigs in the second litter, weighing 2.4 catties each. It can be seen that as long as the ovulation period of sows is well grasped, the calving cycle can be greatly shortened. "This method is currently being promoted."

People's Daily reported that there were two breeding heroines in Jingquan County, Shaanxi Province. One was about 20 years old and the other was 25 years old. Looking at the breeding work, "the bright eyes are shining with pride, and sometimes they look around challengingly, as if they are inquiring, but they want to hear who dares to say anything." The men "lowered their heads in shame", The old feudalists stuck out their tongues in fright and said: "These two aunts are really brave." The author praised: "The two aunts" are more courageous than Mu Guiying, who broke the sky. Inspired by them, "Governor Zhao Shoushan of Shaanxi Province also personally recruited breeding stock for breeding."

Women in Renshou County, Sichuan Province are not easy to mess with. Seven young women led by Zhou Wenbin, the female president of the Kangle Club, organized the first "women's insemination point" in the county. Injection, medicine, "bull lure" and other methods have made all 11 Piaosha cattle estrous and mated with breeding.

Sand cows are cows, and floating sand cows are sterile cows, which are only used for labor. Pregnant sand cows are like trying to give birth to mules. However, Renshou County did not believe in this evil. Amidst the call of "transformation of Piaosha Cattle and realization of full mating county", it adopted the method of "comprehensive aphrodisiac, artificial insemination, early mating, hot nest mating, multiple mating and monthly mating. It broke the superstition that drifting sand cattle are sterile."

Yang Rudai, secretary of the Renshou County Party Committee, and Xiong Junchao, deputy county magistrate, introduced the experience of "How Renshou Realized the "Full Distribution of Farm Cattle" in Sichuan Daily. The slogan of the county party committee is: "Politics is in command, the secretary goes to the battle, engages in sports, grasps surprises, mates all year round, every month, mates as soon as you call, mates many times, artificially inseminates mates, and transforms drifting sand cattle." It will never stop, the whole mating must be fully pregnant, and strive to go to Beijing." So, "a lightning-like full mating movement of farming cattle was launched vigorously throughout the county."

Nine out of ten cows in Anyue County are Piaosha cows. In order to make Piaosha cows go into heat, 798 "aphrodisiac centers" have been set up in the county to feed "aphrodisiac drugs", give "aphrodisiac injections", and use male and female cows. Mixed grazing and other methods are used to "lure love". The county also introduced: "Because of the shortage of buffaloes, we broke the superstition and boldly used yellow bulls to mate with water cows. We have already matched 22 buffaloes."

Wu Qiankun said to He Jiafu: "During the Great Leap Forward, order after order was overwhelmingly suppressed. The will of the Holy Majesty dominates everything, the will of the high-level is amplified layer by layer, the voice of the bottom is suppressed layer by layer, and the real situation is blocked layer by layer. , cadres at all levels have reached the peak, and whoever dares not to do so and whoever dares to speak the truth will be punished and his family and friends will be punished, so that the wrong policy will go further and further, and the disastrous consequences will become more and more serious. The consequences of this will mainly be borne by the farmers."

He Jiafu said: "Mr. Wu, after hearing what you said, I thought of the current situation of epidemic prevention. It is completely cleared and unwavering. The epidemic prevention is directed by political leaders. The city, roads, houses, and gates are closed. The will of the high-level is amplified layer by layer, and the voice of the bottom layer is suppressed layer by layer. How is this different from the false operation in the Great Leap Forward?"

Wu Qiankun stood up and said: "The serious consequences caused by the Great Leap Forward are destined to be borne by the peasants. The current chaos in the epidemic prevention policy is destined to mainly bear the serious consequences caused by the common people."

Wu Qiankun added another sentence to He Jiafu: "Chinese people like to call slogans, and now no one calls the slogan 'Long Live the Great Leap Forward' anymore. Shaken' slogan. Time will tell."

醒悟（53）

 

53

 

人生短暂，却也有很多经历让人难以忘记。近百年来，中国人似乎一直是在陪着喊响口号中活下来的。那些振天响的口号，亿万中国人阔步前行，精气十足。然而时光荏苒，我们度过了匆匆的岁月，我们献出了自己的全部，从青春到生命，结果是两手空空，一无所有，就连自己的思想也被严格地管控了。

巫乾坤对何家福说道：“中国人的劣根性就是愚笨、无知，一直习惯于生活在恶梦中。那些可恶的奸臣、无耻的专家，为了奉承一尊，总会想出一些愚弄百姓的鬼计来。”

巫乾坤气愤地说道：种种稀奇古怪、不计本钱、劳民伤财的蛮干，都是在大跃进中创造出来的。四川崇宁县强行推广的几十万亩双季晚稻，直到 9 月份还未抽穗，全县召开保晚稻丰收誓师大会，各社组织劳动大军日夜守护在田间。灵圣乡用草木灰、鸡、牛屎等“热性肥料”提高地温；君平乡每人“自动节约菜油三至五两”混合粪肥施到田里；万寿乡给几十亩“晚稻大卫星田”抽沟排水、拦腰搭架、分厢梳头；金星社在田埂四周生火，用竹筒把暖气输入田中，在田埂四周放火盆“抵抗低温侵袭”，或用牛骨头熬油喷射促进提早抽穗扬花。

为达到高产目标，有的地方给高产田安上煤气灯增加光合作用，有的在田边安鼓风机向田地吹风。有的发明了煮狗肉汤做肥料，不管是谁家养的狗，也不管是什么品种，统统当众打死，不用开肠破肚，整个扔到大锅里煮，狗肉汤撒到田地里，说是庄稼喝能增产。陕西富平县把狗全部打死后，熬成精制肉汤泼到田地里。有的地方发明了给小麦打“葡萄糖”，在小麦地里用木棍打好密密麻麻的洞眼，往里灌人粪尿搅拌好的稀粪汤，说是庄稼会长得快，谁知没过几天麦苗全黄了，原因是小麦根系遭受破坏，难以吸收过多的肥料，烧死啦。为了早出粮食，湖南湘阴县号召农民吃过年饭浸禾种，结果因为土地还很冷，播下去的 9.42 万公斤种子全部烂掉了。

高产的大话说绝了，荒唐的方法用尽了，几亿农民被折腾得死去活来，实际的粮食产量却远远赶不上当局的跃进指标，做假就成了唯一的“出路”。最常见的做假方法，是把已成熟的庄稼全部移并到一块地里，应付上级验收，或请来各方领导和媒体“现场收割”，并且常常通过细致的安排重复过称。为防看出破绽，一些地方把还没抽穗扬花的水稻提前移栽到一起，结果全部沤烂在田里。

人民日报，这家代表党中央“喉舌”的权威报纸，自从 1957 年按中央规定没有及时刊发老毛的讲话，就被老毛斥为“死人办报”并换了总编辑，于是这些报人就突然生猛、强悍起来，先是在“反右派”中冲锋陷阵，1958 年又引导全国人民在“放卫星”的比赛中一路狂奔：6 月11 日，河北魏县，2394 斤；6 月 18 日，河南高丘县，4412 斤；6 月 21 日，河南辉县，4535斤；6 月 30 日，河北安国县，5103 斤……7 月 12 日，已放出 29 颗小麦卫星的河南省又一颗超级卫星升空：西平县和平社亩产 7320斤！

当北方小麦产区卫星如云时，湖北省委书记王任重说为什么稻谷不能够亩产万斤呢？果然，8 月 1 日，人民日报头版报道，湖北劳模官木生的“长风社乘长风破万里浪——早稻亩产 15000 斤”。

中国青年报也不示弱，刊发了钱学森亩产万斤的雄文，并发表社论《我们需要多少就能产多少》，“一亩地究竟能打多少粮食？

这个问题我们现在找到了完全的答案，这就是‘人有多大胆，地有多大产’……事实证明，我国的农业生产发展是无限量的，我们需要多少就能产出多少。”

“人有多大胆，地有多大产”，自此成了放高产卫星的“名言”和“依据”，高产吹牛也节节攀高，牛皮一个比一个厉害。

人人都知道是假的，人人都不敢说破，人人都要参与吹牛还得一个比一个厉害，不然挨整的肯定是你。中央党校副校长杨献珍到河南看到“人有多大胆，地有多大产”的标语，提出了不同意见，在河南挨了批，回北京后又挨整。北京大学和人民大学组成一个关于人民公社的联合调查组深入河南等地调查，搞了一个《问题汇编》向中央反映农村浮夸吹牛瞎折腾及农民深受其害的实际情况，被指为“疯狂反对三面红旗”，负责这件事的中共北京市委委员，北京大学副校长、第一副书记邹鲁风，被逼跳湖自杀。 不说假话或说假话的份量不够而挨整，不仅要触及灵魂，更要吃皮肉之苦。

那年西充召开农村大队党支书以上干部大会，逼着大家表态放高产卫星，然后当场揪出报产量最少吹牛皮最小的几个官员，由壮汉打手们扯起四肢脊被向上架在空中，再由与会人等各执组织方事先准备的竹板雨点般一顿暴打。这打法西充俗称“打软板”。打“右派”、整“右倾分子”、斗“坏分子”，开什么斗争会等也常是这打法，当场打死的时有所闻。

浮夸吹牛于是成了人人不得不为、不敢不为的社会风气，人民日报上的“高产卫星”则随之水涨船高：8 月 22 日，安徽省繁昌县亩产 43075 斤；9 月 18 日，四川郫县亩产 82525 斤……人民日报上的“高产卫星”，一直放到广西环江县 130434 斤、河北小站公社 152533 斤。 亩产 13 万斤、15 万斤！想想若把这 10多万斤稻谷平堆在一亩地上，没有一人高也至少有几十厘米厚吧。难怪老毛一再发出“粮食多了怎么办”的担忧。

大跃进还有一个好听的叫法：“生产革命和技术革命。”自从老毛在八大二次会议上大讲破除迷信，又写下“卑贱者最聪明，高贵者最愚蠢”的批语后，“卑贱者”们在铺天盖地的宣传声浪中恍然大悟，原来“科学”不过如此：科学发明大多是没有文化、没受过多少教育的人所为。

各种各样吹出来、夸大了的“发明创造”及成果，于是纷纷见诸报端。

北京农业大学培育的“农大黑”母鸡下的蛋一个有三两还多。河南遂平县和兴管理区社员用谷子和高粱嫁接培育出“高粱谷”，穗形像蒲棒，籽粒像谷子，吃起来又甜又黏。山东省园艺科学研究所的王立治将苹果的幼果，嫁接在正在生长的南瓜上，苹果的果形、色、味和大小都与树上所结无异。

山西省解虞县卿头小学六年级学生尚马朝，把西红柿与马铃薯嫁接成“两层楼”植物，又把棉花接在向日葵幼苗上，培育出黑色的棉花。

自古以来都是母鸡孵小鸡，而公鸡除了打鸣外既不会下蛋也不会孵鸡娃，然而陕西蒲城县林吉村农业社社员试验由公鸡孵小鸡成功。方法是割去公鸡的生殖器，用两杯酒把它灌醉，让醉鸡去孵小鸡。这样经过三天后，公鸡就不离蛋了，可以一直把小鸡孵出、养大。

西北农学院畜牧系的六个学生组成“卫星突击队”，为改善饲料管理方法，搬进猪棚和猪同住，他们最初采用群众创造的割猪的甲状腺、割猪耳和猪尾，继之再割去猪的部分胸腺，这样使猪的日增重量大大提高。试验的结果据报载，“20 头猪在 5 天内平均每头增重 6 斤半，其中一头最高日增 19 斤”。

为“解决全面丰收与劳动力不足的尖锐矛盾”，中共中央和国务院发出迅速在农村开展农具改良运动的指示，要求全党动员、全民动手，“人人当工匠，户户是工厂”。

北京开办农具革新展览，展出数以千计的“新式农具”，大部分为木制手动，有人操作的“手动式联合收割机”，有数十人才能启动的巨型人力提灌装置，还有类似永动机一类的玩意儿，整个露天展场犹如中世纪博物馆，一批又一批各级官员和各地代表来这里洞开眼界、激发灵感。 36 名“最聪明的”文盲、半文盲被吸收为中国农业机械学会会员，据说他们创造的各种人力机械，可提高工效几十倍上百倍，甚至“比畜力高几十倍”。

名气最大的新式农具，是闹得沸沸扬扬的双轮双铧犁。这种带轮子、有前后两个铧刀的全金属结构的家伙，其重型的有 300 多斤，最轻的也有 180 多斤。这个傻大粗笨的家伙，当年作为新式农具从东欧引进，在平原地区很难用，在山区和水田里完全是个劳民伤财的废物，名声奇臭。1956 年强行推广160 万部，农民大呼上当，纷纷要求“退犁”，但由于老毛的支持，全国农村都得推广，不然就得以“右倾保守”挨批。大跃进中四川在农村使用后全部厌弃的情况下，又买下强行摊派的 40000 多具新犁，结果还是废铁一堆，除了偶尔向上级表演外，没有一个农民愿意用。

急于向全国调运粮食的四川省，要求交通运输实现“七化”：农村运输车子化，水上运输机械化，车子胶带化，山区运输驮运化和轨道化，渡口桥梁化，搬运机械化……成都平原的 40 万部鸡公车，要求将轮子加大，轮上加胶带，轮轴上装弹子盘，还制造出载重一吨的“三轮鸡公车”。

当科学被作为迷信扫荡以后，许多离奇荒诞的“科学发明”纷纷亮相，成为大跃进中的一大奇观，也浪费了无数的人财物力，荒废了工农业生产。如一辆汽车拉几十个拖车搞“汽车列车化”，全民打滚珠搞“轴承化”的“机械化”。河南吹嘘说，全省七个地区 108 个县，1958 年“基本上做到了县县区区办轴承工业”。浙江发誓在 10 月底之前，把一切改良农具装上轴承。北京还办起了滚珠轴承展览会。

和“汽车列车化”媲美的一绝是“铁路木轨化”。四川大邑县安仁区雄心勃发，动手修木轨土火车“区环线”，修出一段后，温江地委就去开现场会，于是砍树子方便的地方纷纷效法。邓小平的故乡广安县胃口更大，已动工修建“全川第一条县办铁路”，新华社的报道说，“目前修路的人们正在山岭中架云梯、搭天桥、修路基、架桥涵。他们用矿山的轻便铁轨辅上线路，铁轨不够就用木轨包铁皮的办法架设铁道复线。”

挖坟运动也掀起了高潮。为了平整土地、改造土壤、扩大耕地面积，全国到处“动手把祖先的坟墓翻掘起来”。因为那些棺木和石碑，可以“用来筑桥、铺路、搭瓜棚、修猪圈，稍微坚固一点的棺木，更是造车轮子的好材料。”到公社化以后，成都平原坟墓林盘里的树木和棺材，几乎全部喂进了炼铁土高炉和公共食堂的大柴灶。

所有对科学的“迷信”扫荡一空，天下没有做不到的事情，创奇迹的竞赛一浪高过一浪。农业展览会上堆满了各种各样的“王”：树一般的油菜王、棉花王，一窝结几斤谷子的水稻王，挂五六个包包的玉米王，头上分叉的麦子王，南瓜般的红苕王，两人抬的南瓜王，半人高的冬瓜王，扁担长的丝瓜王，河马似的肥猪王，硕大无朋的鸡王、鸭王、兔王……

新华社报道：66 岁老农把棉花嫁接在椿树上，“有四株已经开始长芽”；有人通过小麦和玉米杂交的办法，培育出在当地一年两熟的小麦……流行的观点是，蕃茄和红薯杂交的品种就会上边结西红柿下边长红薯，羊和牛杂交羊就会长得和牛一样大，猪和大象杂交就会长得和象一样大。却没有人想过或者想过也不敢说：牛羊杂交后牛是否会变得和羊一样大，象猪杂交后象是否会变得和猪一样大？

“发明创造”高潮迭起、万箭齐发，样样都跟不上“一天等于二十年”的需要，样样都必须跃进再跃进，畜力不够就来个配种大跃进。

四川日报报道，广安县大良乡齐行一社等四个农业社，“短短十天中生猪由 600 多只增加到 6000 多只，户平达 30 只”。洪雅县将平乡春光三社一只母猪 20 天内连续产仔两窝，头窝 8 只，每头重 8.6 斤，2 窝 8 头，每头重 2.4 斤。可见只要掌握好母猪的排卵期，就可以大大缩短产仔周期，“目前正在推广这种办法。”

人民日报报道，陕西省井泉县出了两个配种女英雄，一个 20岁 左右，一个年方 25，她们昂首阔步拉着公畜，在县城的集市上找个宽敞的地方一站，认真地从事着配种工作，“明亮的眼睛里，闪烁着骄傲的光芒，有时挑战性地环顾一下四周，好象是在探询，倒要听听谁敢说什么。”男人们“惭愧地低下了头”，老封建们吓得吐舌头说：“这两位姑奶奶胆子可真不小啊”。作者赞扬说：“两位姑奶奶”的胆量比大破天门阵的穆桂英还大，在她们的鼓舞下，“陕西省赵寿山省长也亲自拉种畜配种了。”

四川仁寿县的妇女也不是好惹的，康乐社女社长周文彬为首的七个女青年组织了全县第一个“妇女授精点”，不顾旁人耻笑和家庭责难，搬到牛房住，采取打针、吃药，“公牛诱情”等办法，使 11 头漂沙牛全部发情配上了种。

沙牛即母牛，漂沙牛就是无生育能力的母牛，只用来出力。要漂沙牛怀孕，如同要骡子下崽。但是仁寿县不信这个邪，在“改造漂沙牛，实现全配县”的呼叫声中，采用“综合性催情、人工授精、早期配、热窝配、多次配和月月配的办法，破除了漂沙牛不能生育的迷信。”

仁寿县委书记杨汝岱、副县长熊俊超在四川日报上介绍《仁寿怎样实现耕牛“全配县”》的经验。县委的口号是：“政治挂帅，书记上阵，搞运动、抓突击，常年配、月月配，叫就配、多次配，人工授精配、改造漂沙牛。”“母牛不配完，运动永不休，全配要全孕，争取上北京。”于是，“一个闪电般的耕牛全配运动轰轰烈烈在全县展开了。”

安岳县的母牛十有八九是漂沙牛，为了让漂沙牛发情，全县办起“催情院”798 个，以喂“催情药”、打“催情针”、用公母牛混牧等办法“诱情”，县上还介绍说：“由于种水牛不足，我们打破迷信，大胆用黄公牛与水母牛交配，已配上了 22 头。”

巫乾坤对何家福说道：“大跃进中一级级命令，排山倒海般地压下来。圣上的旨意主宰一切，高层的意志层层放大，底层的声音层层压制，真实的情况一层一层被封锁，各级干部的胡作非为登峰造极，谁敢不这样做谁敢说真话谁就要挨整还得连累家人亲友，从而使错误的政策越走越远，灾难性的后果越来越严重，并且注定了这种后果将主要由农民承担。”

何家福说道：“巫老，听君一席话，我想到了现在的防疫情况，全面清零不动摇，以政治领导来指挥防疫，封城、封路、封宅、封口，让一尊的旨意主宰一切，高层的意志层层放大，底层的声音层层压制，这与大跃进中的虚假操作有什么两样？”

巫乾坤站了起来说道：“大跃进造成的严重后果，已注定了这种后果主要由农民承担。现在防疫政策的混乱，所造成的严重后果也注定主要由老百姓承担。”

巫乾坤向何家福又补充了一句：“中国人喜欢叫口号，现在没人再叫‘大跃进万岁’的口号了，我判定要不了多久，中国人也绝对不会再叫什么‘全面清零不动摇’的口号了。时间会证明这一点。”

 

Wake up（52）

 

52

 

Wu Qiankun, who is called the old fairy by the locals, is already in his early 90s. He is thin and tall, with gray temples and a few wrinkles on his forehead, but his piercing eyes seem to be able to see through the heart of this society. Although he is ninety years old, he still walks like flying, and speaks with enthusiasm and radiance. His voice is magnetic and infectious.

Wu Qiankun and He Jiafu were still talking, and what he said attracted He Jiafu.

Wu Qiankun told He Jiafu about the Great Leap Forward during the Anti-Rightist Movement:

After the establishment of the Communist Party of China, it began to industrialize by expropriating farmers, purchasing grain from farmers through unified purchase and marketing and establishing cooperatives to accumulate funds for industrial construction. In order to obtain higher grain production and purchase more grain, and then export a large amount in exchange for machinery, equipment and industrial raw materials, the rural areas of the Great Leap Forward were first of all to create a miracle of grain harvest. In order to create this "miracle", the three "high-yield measures" of deep plowing, fertilization, and dense planting in the agricultural "eight-character constitution" proposed by Lao Mao have reached an appalling level. When Lao Mao issued an order, the national "Land Turnover" movement was in full swing. The land was dug down one foot after another, and "deep plowing satellites" appeared one after another. Two feet and three feet are not uncommon, and four feet and five feet are not considered outstanding , the Yuhong Brigade of Northeast Commune, Pujiang County, Sichuan Province dug seven feet, exceeding the height of a basketball giant. Such a arduous task of deep plowing is beyond the reach of animal power and tractors, so various deep plowing tools have emerged as the times require. The so-called "rope-pulled plow" is the most widely used in Wenjiang area. Several or dozens of people pull the plow for deep plowing; The scene reminds us of slavery. The People's Daily once reported that the Wenjiang region produces rope traction machines at a rate of 1,000 units per day. The Dujiang Daily reported that the secretary of the Dayi County Party Committee personally supervised the battle, and the whole county fought hard for five or six days and nights before realizing the "mechanization of rope traction."

Wu Qiankun said to He Jiafu, I still remember the huge slogan I saw in 1958: "Ten thousand mu of fertile land, ten feet of deep plowing, high-yield satellites, distributed everywhere"; farmers stood in the deep ditch shoulder-to-ground, poured one meter How deep the dirt and gravel was shoveled from side to side, from bottom to top. "Deep plowing" means turning up the raw soil and burying the cultivated soil below, which not only wastes people and money, but also destroys the soil structure. In order to completely overturn the land that has been intensively cultivated for thousands of years in Bazi, West Sichuan, in the Chengdu Plain, the Wenjiang area has stipulated that the "topsoil" and "raw soil" should be turned over, and the raw soil should be built into hollow mounds and burned with firewood to "smoke the soil". Sprinkle manure water on the soil, and then apply slag fertilizer, compost and other "deep plowing" operations on it. The "deep plowing satellites" were put on a spectacular display. Deep pits like trenches were dug everywhere on the deeply plowed land, rows of earth ridges like earth walls were piled up, and smoked earth kilns like bunkers were built. For a time, the Chengdu plain was covered with dense mounds of smoked earth like cemeteries, and the hills and mountainous areas were even more "slopes on slopes, and mountains on mountains". The firewood has caused devastating ecological damage!

Wu Qiankun recalled: At that time, the Ministry of Agriculture issued an urgent notice to accumulate manure, and the People's Daily editorial called for "be energetic and accumulate a lot of manure", and the provinces, prefectures, cities, and counties also issued astronomical planning indicators. Livestock dung, human dung, not a single drop, weeds are shoveled and composted, the ditch mud and pond mud of various rivers and ponds have been picked up, rice stalks, wheat stalks, corn sorghum stalks are burned to grass ash...the graves where the dead are buried are Fertilizer, the old earthen walls are fertilizer, and a layer of "thousand-foot mud" should be blown up as fertilizer on the paths, courtyard dams, and the ground where people often walk around inside and outside the house.

The People's Daily told the people that after long-term exposure to wind, sun, and rain, a lot of hoarfrost like alkali is often found on the roots of the walls in rural areas. Two or three times; the plant protein in the firewood burned for cooking every day releases nitrogen after burning, which is absorbed by the stove soil, so the stove soil is also a good fertilizer. So they were digging walls and smashing stoves everywhere. In the Wenjiang area, thousands of soil and chemical fertilizer factories were set up overnight, and they dug old walls whenever they saw them. Soil experts only need a shovel, a sieve, and an iron pot to produce various "high-efficiency fertilizers".

Sichuan Daily reported that Xinfan used 400,000 catties of old wall mud, 50,000 catties of compost, and hundreds of picks of human excrement, water excrement, plant ash, chicken and duck manure on a one-acre two-fen "satellite field". Some experimental fields even "apply 1.7 million catties of ballast fertilizer per mu", which is equivalent to 1.28 tons of fertilizer per square meter.

Lao Mao's word "dense" - dense planting, has been enlarged layer by layer at all levels, and it has also become a gust of wind, blowing all over the country. In many places, the county stipulates the distance between rows and plants for dense planting, which is implemented by the commune to each production team. Any seedlings or seeds that have not been planted according to this instruction, no matter how large the area, must be pulled out and replanted. Not only did they go back to work, but they were also subject to political punishment, pulled out as "white flags", criticized as "right-leaning conservatives", and even lost their lives and their families were destroyed. A village party secretary who is very popular with farmers in North China and a veteran cadre who came over during the war years. In 1958, his superiors asked to use three-legged columbine to increase the planting density. "White Flag", stood on the bench and struggled, was kicked down and knocked to the ground.

Wu Qiankun said with a smile, I can still recite a "Leap forward poem" that was circulated back then:

 

The corn and rice are dense and thick,

Covered and airtight,

It's the satellite falling down.

Also bounce back into the air.

 

Wu Qiankun sighed: Yingjing County, Sichuan Province instructed the county middle school students to select an acre of experimental field on the river beach, plow five or six feet deep, turn up river sand and pebbles, dig a big deep pit, backfill and then apply 200 dan of fertilizer, and then press close planting More than 100 catties of seeds were required to be sown densely. As a result, the seedlings that grew were as thin as cow hair and withered day by day, so they had to be cut off and used as cattle feed. In the densely planted rapeseed fields in Hongguang Commune, Pixian County, some rapeseeds dried up before they bloomed, and there were no flowers or fruits. Some flowers had no horns or granules after blooming. Mold grows after black, and then all dry. Some hundreds of catties of seeds are sown per mu of land. Due to the excessively dense planting, the airtightness between the seedlings and the sunlight cannot enter, so the crops cannot grow up, and they will fall down when they grow up. The Shou’an Commune in Pujiang County suffered a lot from dense planting last year. The five party secretaries studied and studied, and the consequences of further large-scale dense planting were unimaginable, but they dared not tell the county. The deputy director of the committee office made accommodations to the prefectural committee. The leader of the prefectural committee replied no, saying that it was stipulated by the Party Central Committee, and the "close planting" came from the highest instruction of Lao Mao, and it must be implemented, and no one dared to object.

Wu Qiankun glanced at He Jiafu, but the introverted He Jiafu didn't say a word.

Wu Qiankun said thoughtfully: The agricultural "eight-character constitution" proposed by Lao Mao did not gradually loosen until he had paid enough tuition fees and suffered enough, and finally Lao Mao himself came out and said "don't be too dense". I would think of the current policy on the prevention and control of the new crown epidemic, which is also a nonsense. One day, the person who claims to direct and lead himself will taste the pain himself.

醒悟（52）

 

52

 

被当地人称为老神仙的巫乾坤，已是90出头的老人，清瘦高挑的身材，两鬓斑白，额头上有几道皱纹，但一双炯炯有神的眼睛似乎能看穿这个社会的心底。别看他已是九旬高龄，但走起路来却还是步履如飞，说起话来激情高昂，神采奕奕。他的声音富有磁性且具有感染力。

巫乾坤与何家福仍然在交谈，他所说的话吸引了何家福。

巫乾坤对何家福又讲起了反右期间的大跃进往事：

中共建政后，开始以剥夺农民的方式搞工业化，以统购统销和建立合作社等方法向农民征购粮食以积累工业建设资金。为了获取更高的粮食产量从而征购到更多的粮食，然后大量出口换取机器、设备和工业原材料，使得大跃进的农村首先就是为了创造粮食丰收的奇迹。为了创造这个“奇迹”，老毛提出的农业“八字宪法”中的深耕、施肥、密植三大“高产措施”，搞到了骇人听闻的程度。 老毛一声号令，全国“土地大翻身”运动如火如荼，土地一尺又一尺深挖下去，“深耕卫星”一个又一个冒出来，二尺三尺已不稀罕，四尺五尺不算冒尖，四川蒲江县东北公社玉红大队挖到了七尺，超过篮球巨人的身高。如此艰巨的深耕任务，畜力望尘莫及，拖拉机也无能为力，各种深耕工具便应运而生。温江地区普及最广的是所谓“绳索牵引犁”，数人、数十人拉着犁头深耕；或者在田头支上绞盘，由许多人推磨似地转动绞盘，带动绳索拉犁，其场面恍若奴隶时代。人民日报曾报道，温江地区以每天一千部的速度制作绳索牵引机。都江报说，大邑县委书记亲自督战，全县苦战五六昼夜，就实现了“绳索牵引机化”。

巫乾坤对何家福说，我至今依然记得 1958 年看到的巨幅标语：“良田万亩，深耕十丈，高产卫星，到处发放”；农民们站在肩及地面的深沟里，将一米多深的泥土和石渣从一侧向另一侧、由下向上一锹锹翻过去。“深耕”就是把生土翻上来，把熟土埋下面，不仅劳民伤财，还破坏了土壤结构。为了把成都平原的川西坝子精耕细作了几千年的土地彻底翻个身，温江地区规定了翻“表土”、“生土”，把生土砌成中空的土堆烧柴火“熏土”，在熏土上泼粪水，再在其上施渣肥、堆肥等“深耕”操作程序。“深耕卫星”放得蔚为壮观，深耕的土地上到处挖起战壕似的深坑，叠起一列列土墙似的土埂，修起一座座碉堡似的熏土窑。一时间，成都平原上遍地是坟场一般密密麻麻的熏土堆，丘陵山区更是“坡上有坡，山上有山”，白天黑夜遍地火光，烟雾弥漫，花费了多少劳动力，烧掉了多少林木柴草，却搞成了毁灭性的生态破坏！

巫乾坤回忆道：当时，农业部出台抓紧积肥的紧急通知，人民日报社论呼吁“鼓起劲来，大量积肥”，各省、地、市、县也出台了天文数字的计划指标。牲畜粪、人粪，一粒不掉，杂草铲来沤堆肥，各种河沟水塘的沟泥、塘泥挑完了，稻杆麦杆玉米高梁杆子烧成了草灰……埋死人的坟头是肥，老土墙是肥，小路、院坝、屋里屋外经常有人走动的地面也要刮起一层“千脚泥”当肥料。

人民日报告诉人民，农村的土墙经长期风吹日晒雨淋后，在墙根常发现许多像碱一样的白霜，这就是硝酸盐类物质，用老土墙做肥料，比河泥肥效高两三倍；每天煮饭所烧的柴草中的植物蛋白燃烧后放出氮气，被灶土吸收，所以灶土也是好肥料。于是到处都在挖土墙砸灶台。温江地区一夜间就办起几千个土化肥厂，见老墙就挖。土专家们只须一把铲子、一张筛子、一只铁锅，就制造出种种“高效化肥”。

四川日报报道，新繁一块一亩二分“卫星田”施老墙泥 40 万斤、堆肥 5 万斤，以及人粪、水粪、草木灰、鸡鸭粪数百挑。有的试验田甚至“每亩施碴肥 170 万斤”，相当于每平方米堆上 1.28 吨肥料。

老毛一个“密”字——密植，经各级层层放大，也变成了一股狂风，刮遍全国。在很多地方，县里规定密植的行距和株距，由公社贯彻到每一个生产队，没有按这个指示插的秧、播的种，不管多大面积，都得全部拔掉重插回放。不仅重新返工，还要受政治处分，当作“白旗”拔掉，作为“右倾保守”批斗，甚至丢掉性命、家破人亡。华北一位极受农民欢迎的村支书、战争年代过来的老干部，1958 年上级要求用三条腿的耧播种以提高种植密度，但这个村支书坚持用传统的两腿耧播种，结果遭到“拔白旗”，站在板凳上挨斗争，被狠狠踢下打翻在地。

巫乾坤笑着说，我还能背诵当年流传的一首“跃进诗”：

 

玉米稻子密又浓，

铺天盖地不透风，

就是卫星掉下来，

也要弹回半空中。

 

巫乾坤长叹道：四川荥经县指导县中学生在河滩上选了一亩试验田，深耕五六尺，翻起河沙、卵石，挖出一个大深坑，回填后再施肥 200 担，然后按密植要求密密麻麻撒种 100 余斤，结果长出的秧苗细如牛毛还日渐枯萎，只好全部割掉做了牛饲料。郫县红光公社密植的油菜地，有的菜籽还未开花就干了，无花更无果，有的花开后没有角心或颗粒，同时出现大面积的油菜黑菌病，叶子发黑后生霉，然后全部干掉。有的一亩地就播下几百斤种子。由于过度密植，苗株间密不透风，阳光也进不去，庄稼长不起来，长起来也要倒伏。蒲江县寿安公社上一年搞密植吃了大亏，五个党委书记研究来研究去，再搞大面积密植后果不堪设想，但又不敢给县上讲，就请求来公社检查工作的温江地委办公室副主任向地委通融。地委领导人答复不行，说是党中央规定的，“密植”来自老毛的最高指示，必须执行，谁也不敢反对。

巫乾坤看了一眼何家福，性格内向的何家福一言未发。

巫乾坤若有所思地说道：老毛提出的农业“八字宪法”，直到交够了学费，吃够了苦头，最后还是老毛自己出来说了句“不可太密”，方才逐渐松绑。 我会想到现在的新冠疫情防控政策，也是个瞎折腾，总有一天让那个自称亲自指挥亲自领导的人亲自尝到苦头。

Wake up（51）

 

51

 

The more and more anticipated summer has finally arrived, the yard filled with the fragrance of flowers, the wind under the shade of trees, the laughter of children and the green eyes. The wind in early summer is warm. The wind gently blew the curtains on the window sill.

He Jiafu got up from the bamboo couch and sat at the table under the window sill. He is welcoming the arrival of the old fairy.

After a while, He Jiafu's little grandson called the old fairy who was chatting with the neighbors in the yard.

Seeing He Jiafu, the old god smiled and said, "Because you are resting on the bamboo couch, I dare not disturb you. Just now Yunshan told me that it is a great honor for you to see me."

He Jiafu smiled and said: "Sit, sit. I haven't seen each other for a long time, today I can chat for a while."

Two elderly people who were over ninety years old sat at the table, drinking tea and chatting.

The old fairy asked: "Now that the epidemic is rampant, how is your dragon body?"

He Jiafu smiled wryly and said: "I haven't contracted any disease yet, but I have a slight cough. When people get old, their bones are not as good as before. In addition, they are missing a leg, so they don't have to go out to show off."

The old god suddenly asked: "I heard that when you and Yun Shan set up a stall in the small town, you were bullied by the city management?"

He Jiafu: "I have long forgotten about this. This is a common occurrence. Nowadays, the power of the city management is almost lawless. I am a disabled old man. How can I compete with them. The world has changed. Living in the present, Patience is the best policy."

Old Immortal: "Old He is right. But why do you have to endure humiliation for the rest of your life?" The old Immortal still looked stable and elegant, full of demeanor. Nowadays, he is obsessed with the study of modern Yi-ology, and he talks endlessly about Yin-Yang and gossip.

The old god smiled and said: "He doesn't know something. I was labeled as a rightist when I was young, and I was rehabilitated later, but it became more and more rightist. I am a bit weird by nature, and I am known as a troublemaker."

It turned out that the old fairy's life experience was completely different from that of the local old farmers.

The old god's real name is Wu Qiankun. He once served as an interpreter for the "Flying Tigers" of the U.S. Air Force's aid to China during the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression. Later, he went to study in the United States, majoring in English literature. In 1951, at the kind invitation of China, Wu Qiankun returned to China as a university professor with a heart of serving the country. But within two years, he was the target of criticism in one campaign after another. He was labeled as a rightist in 1957 and was persecuted for more than 20 years until he was "corrected" in 1979.

Wu Qiankun said to He Jiafu: "When I was criticized, those people accused me of promoting Western culture and being a Western wizard. But now people call me an old god. After more than half a century of tossing, I have to believe in evil. Now it is the Year of the Pig and Rat. Liu Bowen, the founding prime minister of the Ming Dynasty, once predicted that the Year of the Pig and Rat will be sad for ten sorrows. He predicted that there will be a major catastrophe in the Year of the Pig and Rat. Coincidentally, 2019 and 2020 are the Year of the Pig and Rat. A series of plagues broke out in China, including African swine fever, plague, new crown pneumonia and other epidemics, especially the rapid spread of the new crown pneumonia virus around the world in a short period of time, which seemed to fulfill Liu Bowen's prophecy one by one. Looking back over the past 120 years, every year of the rat in China It was not peaceful. The first Year of the Rat in the 20th century was 1900. During the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty, the Eight-Power Allied Forces Incident occurred. , the Battle of Taiyuan in 1948, and the Great Famine in China in 1960. Today’s new crown pneumonia epidemic also occurred in the Year of the Pig and Rat. Gods are sad for the Year of the Pig and Rat, and man-made disasters and plagues are so dangerous.”

He Jiafu asked: "Mr. Wu, you said that you were once labeled as a rightist. What is going on with this anti-rightist movement?"

Wu Qiankun told He Jiafu:

At the beginning, Lao Mao mainly wanted to realize military industrialization as soon as possible. When Lao Mao first launched this plan in 1953, he set the realization time as "ten to fifteen years", which was later shortened to eight, seven, five or even three years. As the tone of the Great Leap Forward became higher and higher, Lao Mao saw the "great situation" that was echoed by everyone and the country was hot, and it seemed that it would be no problem to rule the world through the Great Leap Forward.

But the so-called Great Leap Forward messed up the economy. Some intellectuals expressed dissatisfaction, and even General Peng couldn't stand it anymore, and wrote a letter of ten thousand words. As a result, Lao Mao was angered, so the anti-rightist struggle began. Anyone who opposed the Great Leap Forward became a rightist.

The "Anti-Rightist" Movement in 1957 broke the backbone of the Chinese people and caused the whole people to "silence". Afterwards, in a huge China, telling lies, listening to lies, doing false things, distorting facts, and competing to brag became a social trend, and the "Great Leap Forward" became a big explosion and a big show of collective lies fabricated by the whole country.

Hundreds of millions of Chinese pay homage to the emperor's new clothes and run naked with all their might. The great scientist Qian Xuesen, who is well-known both in China and the West, actually "scientifically demonstrated" three times that the yield per mu is not a problem. Amidst the coercion from top to bottom and blind obedience from bottom to top, absurd farces that make people haggard and drain people's vitality continue to be staged.

In 1958, Mao said at the enlarged meeting of the Military Commission: "At present, the Pacific Ocean is actually not peaceful. In the future, it will be considered as the Pacific Ocean if it is under our control." Soon he said to the secretaries of the provincial party committee: "In the future, we will set up an Earth Management Committee and set up an Earth Management Committee. Unify the plan.” According to Mao’s instructions, Xinhua News Agency publicly stated that “Xinhua News Agency must manage the earth.”

After listening to Wu Qiankun's narration, He Jiafu could no longer feel the romance of this early summer, what came from outside the window was only

With the sound of cicadas singing, the thoughts of summer are hidden in the green shade, and when the wind blows, the thoughts are messed up.

Wu Qiankun and He Jiafu were still talking, but the topic and content of the conversation made people feel psychologically depressed. The past days were really boring and chilling.