1
In my teenage memories, the "four evils" movement took place in 1958 during the "Great Leap Forward" era. More than 50 years later, I learned that the earliest climax of "eliminating the four harms and stressing hygiene" should be in 1952.
In the early 1950s, during the Korean War, the Korean and Chinese forces and the US military carried out five consecutive battles, driving the enemy troops back from the Yalu River back to the 38th parallel, forcing the United States to accept the truce negotiations in July 1951. During the negotiations, after the Chinese People's Volunteer Army discovered that the United States adopted bacterial warfare, it and the Korean military and civilians waged a resolute fight against the US military's use of bacterial weapons against the Chinese and Korean military and civilians.
At the time of the Korean War, the Chinese government propagated that the United States used bacterial weapons in the Korean War, and these bacterial weapons, poisonous insects, also spilled over to the northeast of my country, seriously threatening the lives of people.
On February 18, 1952, Acting Chief of the General Staff of the People’s Liberation Army, Nie Rongzhen, submitted a report to Mao Zedong and other leaders of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission, reporting on the discovery of the presence of infected insects by the US military in North Korea and the results obtained after inspection of the collected insect specimens. According to the preliminary conclusion, the report said: What kind of germs are carried by the insects put in by the US military will take two days to check, "According to experts’ estimates, the possibility of cholera, typhoid fever, plague, and relapsing fever is more likely. The epidemic prevention and epidemic prevention work must be carried out quickly and vigorously."
After reading it, Mao Zedong gave instructions on February 19: "Please pay attention to this matter and handle it." In order to prevent accidents, Zhu De specially instructed that the specimens of germs "should not be returned to avoid infection".
At 12:00 on February 19, the combat department of the General Staff Department integrated the North Korean battlefield situation and intelligence from other sources, and submitted to Zhou Enlai the "Report on the Enemy's Large-scale Bacterial Warfare in North Korea", which determined that the US military is using bacterial weapons in North Korea. Bacterial warfare against the Chinese and Korean troops. The report also pointed out that the US military's current bacterial warfare was through long-term preparations, and received the help of Japanese bacterial war criminals Ishii Shiro, Wakamatsu Jiro and Kitano Masato.
On the same day, the headquarters of the Volunteer Army reported to the General Staff by telephone that the 15th Army of the Volunteer Army had cholera, rash, encephalitis and other illnesses, and two people had died. The situation is getting worse and worse, especially the death, which has started to cause panic among Chinese and North Korean troops and North Korean residents. Although the inspection of the bacteria put in by the US military is still ongoing, the number of pathogens found in the insects still needs further inspection. However, according to the local observation of the volunteer troops, the epidemic reports from various troops, and collection through various channels Intelligence, especially the conclusions made by epidemic prevention experts after the inspection of insect specimens, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission have determined that the US military is engaged in a bacterial war against North Korean troops in North Korea.
The epidemic prevention is like a fire. Once an epidemic erupts, it will not only cause great panic among the volunteer troops, directly affect the combat of the troops, but will also have a major impact on the process and outcome of the war. This situation can never be allowed to happen. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Military Commission made a decisive decision: immediately launched an anti-bacterial battle in the volunteer army.
Zhou Enlai later pointed out: Fighting against germs, "The enemy suddenly attacked with bacterial weapons, we were unprepared in advance, so we behaved a little flustered", which belongs to "hurried response". Nonetheless, under the leadership of Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and others, the anti-bacterial battle was immediately on track, and various tasks were carried out quickly and methodically. Zhou Enlai is the chief commander of the anti-bacterial battle.
2
For a long time, the Chinese people believed that anti-bacterial fighting was an important strategic decision made by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Central Military Commission, and the headquarters of the Volunteers during the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. It was an indispensable part of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea. It not only occupies an important position in the history of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, but also has a very unique influence in the history of the international cold war.
However, the United States totally denied that the US military used bacterial weapons in North Korea. Whether the germ warfare was a fact later became a propaganda war between the two sides during the Korean War, and it has also caused debate in the academic world.
Nearly 60 years after the passage of time, the 11th issue of the Chinese "Yanhuang Chunqiu" magazine in 2013 published the posthumous work of the former Chinese Communist Party "Volunteer Army" Health Minister Wu Zhili, "The Bacterial Warfare in 1952 is a False Alarm", revealing a major historical fact, That is, the fact that the Chinese Communist Party has always propagated the use of germ warfare in wars does not actually exist.
According to Mr. Wu Wuzhili, this happened like this:
On January 28, 1952, after the US military aircraft flew over the 42nd Army Station (Pingkang County, Korea) of the "Volunteer Army", the 42nd Army Health Minister Gao Liang found that there were some fleas, flies and spider-like insects on the snow. The appearance of fleas and flies on the snowfield is very vigilant, and it is suspected that the US military is engaged in bacterial warfare. In fact, as I later learned, the fleas discovered by Gao Liang were not common fleas, but a kind of bug called "snow fleas". They were not the same as fleas and were often found on snow in North Korea. Not surprised.
The Ministry of Health of the 42nd Army telegraphed Gao Liang's discovery to the headquarters of the "Volunteer Army" and its Ministry of Health, and sent dozens of specimens. After receiving the report from the "Volunteer Army" headquarters, Peng Dehuai attached great importance to it and reported this situation to the central government on the one hand, and to the various departments of the "Volunteer Army" on the one hand, calling attention to the troops. This time, I was a little nervous up and down.
Various departments of the "Volunteer Army" have also sent many specimens and reports about fleas, rats, dead snakes, etc., suspected to be US airdrops. However, the Ministry of Health of the "Volunteer Army" Headquarters conducted tests on the specimens sent and found no germs in those specimens. Moreover, I also learned that the appearance of snow fleas and flies in the severe winter in North Korea is normal.
At the same time, Minister Wu Zhili believes that even if the US military is going to engage in bacterial warfare, there is no reason to carry out in the winter when insects cannot reproduce. Moreover, the places where fleas are found are on the front line, close to the US military position. When the wind changes, the US military itself will suffer, and the US military will not be so stupid. It is particularly important that although the troops have reported reports of snow fleas and flies, no deaths have occurred. Therefore, at the "Volunteer Army" headquarters meeting, Wu Zhili raised his suspicions that the US military might not be engaged in germ warfare.
In this regard, Peng Dehuai immediately accused Wu of saying that Wu is "a special agent of US imperialism and speaks for the enemy." Immediately, the "Volunteer Army" headquarters established an "epidemic prevention office" to carry out anti-bacterial warfare.
It was at this time that some soldiers with unknown causes of death also appeared on the front line of the US military. The US military also doubted whether there was a factor of bacterial warfare. Probably the discovery of "flea" on the snow in the severe winter, Americans were also very confused, so they sent the head of Ishii, the Japanese bacteria research unit (unit 731) in northeast China, to investigate. However, the appearance of the infamous Japanese 731 troops allowed the Chinese and North Korean parties to believe that the Americans were sending Japanese war criminals to engage in bacterial warfare.
It is the judgment of He Cheng, the executive deputy minister of the Central Ministry of Health, that affected the central government's determination of this matter. He Cheng had worked in the Northeast and was very familiar with the situation of the Japanese 731 bacterial troops. When he saw the Japanese war criminal Ishii arrived in North Korea, he believed that it was related to the US military engaged in the bacterial war. Therefore, on February 22, the People’s Daily published a statement that the Chinese and Korean governments strongly condemned the United States for engaging in bacterial warfare.
The day after the article was published in the "People's Daily", the "Volunteer Army" Health Minister Wu Zhili said to Vice Minister Zhu Zhiguang: "We will be passive in this way." It means an unconfirmed thing, but the Central Committee determined that this This will cause trouble for the work of the "Volunteer Army" Ministry of Health. Zhu Zhiguang said: From now on, I can only make a fuss.
Since then, the Central Ministry of Health has organized an "epidemic prevention inspection team" composed of dozens of experts to come to North Korea to help carry out anti-bacterial warfare. However, no germs that would be used in real bacterial warfare were found, and in the following year, no deceased persons or patients related to bacterial warfare were found. At the same time, the International Scientist Investigation Team led by British scientist Needham and Deputy Academician of the Soviet Academy of Sciences Zhukov also came. These scientists really believed that the US military engaged in bacterial warfare. They came to North Korea to collect evidence.
The so-called germ warfare was originally not a thing. Now scientists come to fight evidence, what should I do? Only fraud.
Two company-level officers found a large number of fleas in a small wooden house in the forest, and reported them quickly. This serves as a major piece of evidence. However, it is normal for fleas to multiply quickly in unoccupied log cabins, and it is not necessarily related to bacterial warfare.
In order to convince scientists of this evidence, the troops did not say that the fleas were found in the log cabin when they reported it, and lied that they were found in the open air of the forest. He also persuaded the two officers to testify against the scientists in order to fight against the enemy.
Yersinia pestis is an indispensable pathogen for bacterial warfare, but the issue of bacterial warfare did not originally exist. How can this Yersinia pestis exist? In order to cope with the investigation team of scientists, the "Volunteer Army" Health Minister Wu Zhili had to ask the Central Ministry of Health He Cheng for help, and sent people to Shenyang in the northeast to retrieve the two strains of Y. pestis strains that were sealed in iron pipes. .
Wu Zhili was worried about this, and it was still difficult to pass through the investigation team. He said to a colleague: "In case it is still difficult to prove the bacterial warfare, you will inject me with the plague bacteria and let me die, so I say "volunteer army" health The Secretary is infected with the plague cast by the US military, and I am not afraid that it is not hard evidence."
The fraud seems to be successful. After returning to Beijing, the International Scientist Investigation Team all signed and published a 500-page interrogation report, confirming that the US military engaged in bacterial warfare.
At the same time, several captured U.S. military pilots also told the Scientist Investigation Team about their experiences of dropping the bacterial bombs and "non-explosive bombs". The People's Daily also published their statements. These US military prisoners of war later returned to the United States, where they were tried and questioned as to why they had talked about the undesirable bacterial bombs. The prisoners of war said that they were in a prisoner of war camp and that Chinese personnel told them that as long as they said so, they could be released. Therefore, they said those words according to the Chinese request.
However, it is clear that Soviet scientists did not fully believe this matter, and they reported to Stalin as soon as they returned home. Therefore, the CPSU called the CCP and said: The bacterial war is a false alarm.
After receiving the telegram from the Soviet side, Zhou Enlai brought together General Logistics Minister Huang Kecheng and Hong Xuezhi, the deputy commander of the "volunteer army" in charge of logistics, and asked them: "Have you done anything?"
Hong Xuezhi replied: "It was done. Otherwise, there would be no way to communicate."
Therefore, at that time, the Chinese Communists were sending people to carry out propaganda activities in Europe against the US engaging in germ warfare, and Zhou immediately ordered the withdrawal of such propaganda. Since then, the Chinese Communist Party no longer mentions the US military engaging in germ warfare.
But the matter is still a state secret, and the people below do not know it. Therefore, those who compile books and textbooks have always incorporated the American army into germ warfare.
In the 1980s, when the Chinese Academy of Military Sciences compiled an encyclopedia, Huang Kecheng asked Wu Zhili to convey his opinion to the encyclopedia editors: The US emperor did not engage in bacterial warfare in North Korea, and the relationship between the two countries is not bad now.
Wu Zhili once said to Huang Kecheng: At that time he had made a fake and deceived the scientists, so I was sorry for them.
Huang Ji comfortingly said: You don't need to think so. Let's engage in political struggles, and you expressed your views on germ warfare from the beginning. It's not easy. You have done your duty.
It turned out that "history" was created by political needs.
3
I am old, and I will not verify the reminiscence article of Volunteer Army Minister of Health Wu Zhili in "Yanhuang Chunqiu", is it true? is fake? It is even less capable of distinguishing whether the US military used bacterial weapons during the Korean War. But I know that the Chinese government not only issued a protest against germ warfare, but also decided at the 128th meeting of the Government Council on March 14, 1952 to set up a central epidemic prevention committee and set up an office; Director, mainly leading anti-bacterial warfare.
Since the direct purpose of this movement was to oppose the bacterial war in the United States, and it had a strong patriotism, the central government named this movement as a patriotic health movement. I participated in the patriotic health movement in my youth.
With the order of the Party Central Committee, local movements were in full swing, and local governments actively responded to Mao Zedong's great call to "mobilize, pay attention to hygiene, reduce disease, improve health, and smash enemy bacterial warfare." The patriotic health movement has been launched in various places throughout the country, which laid the foundation for a larger scale campaign to eliminate the "four harms".
In December 1955, Mao Zedong instructed in the article "Consultation on 17 Articles of Agriculture": "In addition to the four pests, that is, the rats (and other pests) and sparrows (and other pests, but other birds, but not Whether the crow is suitable for eradication is still to be studied), flies, mosquitoes." After a month, these 17 were expanded to 40, which was the "National Agricultural Development Program from 1956 to 1967" proposed by the Central Government in January 1956. (Draft), Article 27 of which is: "Remove the four harms. Starting in 1956, within 5 years, 7 years or 12 years, respectively, wherever possible, basically eliminate rats, sparrows, flies, mosquitoes ."
In September and October 1957, the Third Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee was held by the Central Committee. Mao Zedong said at the meeting: "I have paid attention to the elimination of these four things: mice, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes. It has only been 10 years, is it possible? Just prepare this year, mobilize, and come to do it next spring? ... China will become a four-none country: one without mice, two without sparrows, three without flies, and four without mosquitoes."
The Plenary Session basically approved the National Agricultural Development Program (Revised Draft) from 1956 to 1967, which added after the 27th article that "playing sparrows is to protect crops. Sparrows in cities and forests can not be eliminated. "In 1958, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council issued "Instructions on Hygiene Removal".
The "Directive" proposes to complete the task of eliminating rats, sparrows, flies, and mosquitoes within 10 years or less. After the instruction is issued. The nationwide campaign to eliminate the "four hazards" has been continuously promoted to "remove the four hazards by platooning mountains and seas, benefiting all generations".
4
In my childhood memories, the way to get rid of the "four harms" was unheard of, unseen. For example, to kill rats, what are "digging a nest", "aquarium catching a mouse", "adjusting ink to stick a mouse", "double-reed wire-clamping rat", "bowl, bucket, basin buckle rat" and so on.
A child in elementary school in Beijing also invented a "kill trick" for rodent control, that is, catching a mouse, stuffing soybeans into the anus, sewing it with a thread, and putting it back into the nest, it cannot be pulled out. When shit comes, you can kill a whole litter of mice-of course, you must cut off the tail of the mouse before letting go, because the tail is used to count the results.
There is a reward for rodent control. In some places, a mouse is replaced for a box of matches, or a few tails are changed for a bookmark. Some elementary school students will cut a tail into two pieces, and then sharpen one end to impersonate two.
The mice who "huddle" are really "everyone shouting and beating". People sing "Flies, mosquitoes, sparrows, mice, where are you going to run? The East Village West Yard has arranged..." "Eliminate the Four Harms", holding a variety of "weapons" in their hands, non-stop Flies, flies, sparrows, and mice.
According to the "Yangcheng Evening News", the city has destroyed 310,000 sparrows and destroyed 31,000 sparrow nests. Even the masters who did not kill have joined the killing operation.
Current events create heroes, and heroes across the country who have eliminated the "four harms" are constantly emerging.
Gu Youchang, a worker rated as a “first-class advanced health worker” in Chaohu City, Anhui, has eliminated the “four harms” for six years starting from 1952. The results have been amazing, only in 1957. He wiped out more than 2,660 mouse, more than 4,728 sparrows, 90 kg of flies, 25 kg and 10 pairs of pupae (at that time, 16 kg per catty), and 31 kg of maggots. On average, 7 mice, 13 sparrows, 6 flies and 6 flies were eliminated every day. Maggot pupa!
Cai Yueying, a 72-year-old lady on Quiet Street in Wuhan, has eliminated the "four harms" in three years, eradicating more than 330 mice and 2.4 million flies... She has been rated as a city and district patriotic health model five times.
In addition, Guizhou has the "Mouse Catching King" in the school chapter, and there is the 85-year-old "Sparrow Chang" Mrs. Chang in Beijing Longtan.
It's really "model" competition, heroes come out, you chase me, the scene is very lively!
This campaign of "Eradicating the Four Harms of the People" is probably also a world record. Some people have written poems for this feat, such as "beating drums to eliminate four evils":
Rat mole, sparrow bad,
Flies and mosquitoes are like the right.
Suck blood, recruit diseases,
Stealing happiness and destroying.
Thousands of households are working together,
The drum beats Jin to eliminate the four evils.
Flies and mosquitoes spread diseases,
The mouse sparrow steals food,
Sixty million people joined together (um),
Be sure to wipe them out!
The Chinese also made up for it smoothly:
Rats and mosquitoes
Get rid of the four evils and make up your mind,
Everyone started, all went out,
Play early and play small, cut grass and roots,
To call the four evils, cut off the son.
5
My brother and I were also masters of catching mice at that time. My brother was responsible for making rat traps. Later, I also learned to make rat traps with waste iron wire. My main task is to set up rat traps or place poison bait in places where rats may be infested. If, by catching rats, I become the executioner, responsible for the capital punishment of these rats. The cruelest capital punishment is to use hot water to pour the mice alive!
Sometimes, I will use the iron tongs that burn the stove with the children in the alley to sandwich the hot briquettes and torture the mice.
My cruelest anti-rodent method is to peel off the mouse skin, dry it, stick it on the wall, and warn the mouse not to mess up again.
I must also cut off the tail of the mouse and give it to the teacher to prove my heroic behavior and deterrent achievement. However, I didn't care about these achievements later. It was more cost-effective to exchange the mouse tail directly with the purchaser for rodenticide.
Later, people still found a traditional way to catch mice, that is to raise cats. There are cats everywhere in the alley, and at night, the cat's estrus sounds annoying. Someone secretly caught the cat and killed it. Who knows that this cat meat has a sour taste, of course, there is no dog meat. No wonder, in the five thousand years of Chinese food culture history, no one has opened a famous cat butcher shop.
Legend has it that mice steal oil, but we have never found evidence in the rat-trapping movement. On the contrary, we encountered trouble caused by stealing oil wife.
没有评论:
发表评论