Textbook of the Yuan Dynasty

 

Textbook of the Yuan Dynasty

 

History is a textbook with rich connotations. Only wise men full of wisdom and good at inquiry can read and comprehend the true meaning of history. When Agudengba chatted with A Zhuo and Chu Sanxing about the bad habit of foot-binding among women during the Song Dynasty in China, the conversation pointed directly at the Chinese great scholar Zhu Xi, believing that he was the driving force behind the prevalence of foot-binding in the Song Dynasty. This surprised Azhuo and Chu Sanxing.

Agudenba said:

History is a weird thing. It is often falsely beautified or even fabricated by some people, and the truth is often covered up. I just chatted with you about the events of the Song Dynasty. In chronological order, we should talk about the events of the Yuan Dynasty. When Chinese people talk about their excellent culture, they always boast about Tang poetry, Song poetry and Yuan music, but very few people know the true history of the Yuan Dynasty. Some scholars who have little knowledge say that the Yuan Dynasty was only a short-lived dynasty from its establishment in 1271 AD to its demise in 1368, which lasted only 98 years. Because from the establishment of the Mongol Empire until its destruction, even though the territory it conquered was very large, its economic foundation was always backward, and it was a nomadic form that was even more fragile than farming. It only relied on war and massacres. The wealth gained in a short period of time did not establish a national economic policy in the true sense.

Agudengba sighed:

In fact, the Yuan Dynasty achieved the third national unification in Chinese history, with unprecedented territory, numerous ethnic groups, and cultural diversity. The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty were dominated by the Mongolian people and united with the Han, Khitan, Jurchen, Dangxiang and other ethnic groups. The blending and gathering of multiple cultures made the society of the Yuan Dynasty colorful and an era full of imagination.

Azhuo asked: Was the Yuan Dynasty the Mongol Empire?

Chu Sanxing asked: Are the Mongol Empire, the Great Mongol Kingdom, and the Yuan Dynasty the same country? What is the difference between these three?

Agudenba said:

The Mongol Empire, the Great Mongol State, and the Yuan Dynasty are all countries established by the Mongols in history. Many people think that the Mongol Empire, the Great Mongol State, and the Yuan Dynasty are the same country, but in fact there are certain differences between the three. Related to each other.

The Mongol Empire is a broad concept, not an official country name. It was named by later generations for the purpose of studying history. It refers to the collective name of all countries and their territories established by the Mongols in history, including of course the Great Mongolia and the Yuan Dynasty. In 1206 AD, Genghis Khan unified the Mongolian tribes and named the country "Great Mongol", which was the prototype of the Mongol Empire.

In 1259 AD, Meng Ge, the fourth generation Khan of the Great Mongolia, died. Because the fourth brother Kublai Khan and the seventh brother Ali Buge competed for the throne, the Great Mongol Kingdom split from within the next year (1260 AD). Kublai Khan With the support of everyone, Lie succeeded to the throne and became the fifth generation Khan of the Great Mongolia. Alibu Ge disobeyed Kublai Khan and proclaimed himself Great Khan shortly after Kublai Khan succeeded to the throne, and started a four-year civil war with Kublai Khan.

In 1264 AD, Kublai Khan completely defeated Ali Buge, and the struggle for the throne of the Great Mongolia ended. However, the Great Mongolia also split into four khanates due to the struggle for the throne in 1259 AD, namely Kipchak. The Khanate, Chagatai Khanate, Ogedai Khanate, and Ili Khanate were all established by the descendants of Genghis Khan. They were all independent countries and were not part of the Great Mongol Kingdom, but they all belonged to the Mongol Empire.

In 1271 AD, Kublai Khan officially ascended the throne and proclaimed himself emperor, and changed the name of the country from "Great Mongol Kingdom" to "Dayuan". This was the Yuan Dynasty.

In other words, the Great Mongolia was actually the predecessor of the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty was the successor of the Great Mongolia. In 1304 AD, during the reign of Yuan Chengzong Tiemu'er, the second emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, the four major khanates recognized the status of the Yuan Dynasty's suzerainty and became vassal states of the Yuan Dynasty. After taking the Yuan Dynasty as their suzerainty, the four great khanates declined due to various reasons.

In 1368, Tuohuan Tiemuer, the last emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, established the Pian'an court in the north. The country's name was still "Dayuan" and it was known as "Beiyuan" in history. It was not until 1402 that the Ming Dynasty completely destroyed the Northern Yuan Dynasty, and the country's name "Dayuan" was also completely abolished.

Although the Northern Yuan Dynasty has perished, the countries established by the Mongols have not yet been completely destroyed. Tatar, Oara and other countries were successively established, all of which evolved from the former Mongolian tribes and lasted for more than two hundred years.

The Mongol Empire is a collective name for all the countries and territories established by the Mongols, including the Great Mongolia, the Yuan Dynasty, the Northern Yuan Dynasty, the Four Khanates, Tatars, Oara, etc.

In 1634, the Hou Jin Dynasty established by the powerful Jurchens conquered the Mongolian tribes. The Mongolian tribes lost their throne and the Mongol Empire disappeared forever.

Agudemba continued:

The Yuan Dynasty was the successor of the Great Mongol Kingdom and was established by Kublai Khan who proclaimed himself emperor. Guo Zuo lasted from 1271 AD to 1368 AD. The subsequent Northern Yuan Dynasty was still part of the Yuan Dynasty and Guo Zuo lasted from 1368 AD to 1402 AD. The Ming Dynasty's Northern Expedition attacked and destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, and the Yuan Dynasty was destroyed.

The Yuan Dynasty is a dynasty in the long history of China. The Meng Yuan swallowed the Jin and destroyed the Song Dynasty. They destroyed the Jin Dynasty and the Song Dynasty, but they did not destroy China. Instead, he transformed himself into China. In this way, Genghis Khan, Kublai Khan, etc., all became historical figures in China, and the Yuan Dynasty became a dynasty in Chinese history.

Agudengba sang a hymn for the Yuan Dynasty, "The Yuan Dynasty is a Textbook":

 

Do you know Genghis Khan?

Have you ever heard of Kublai Khan?

What do you think of the Mongol Empire, the Great Mongol Kingdom, and the Yuan Dynasty?

Are these three the same country?

What is the difference between these three?

 

The Yuan Dynasty is a textbook with rich content.

Only wise men full of wisdom and inquiry,

Only then can we understand and comprehend the true meaning of history.

 

History is often distorted by some people.

Even make false beautifications and fabrications,

There are very few people who know the history of the Yuan Dynasty.

 

Those scholars who know little about it often say,

The Yuan Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty that did not last more than a hundred years.

Nomads plunder wealth solely through warfare.

 

Do you know Tang poetry, Song lyrics and Yuan music?

Have you ever heard how big the territory of the Yuan Dynasty was?

How many ethnic groups do you know about the Yuan Dynasty?

Do you believe that the Yuan Dynasty helped the world understand China?

Do you believe that the Yuan Dynasty brought China to the world?

 

The blending and gathering of diverse cultures in the Yuan Dynasty,

The society of the Yuan Dynasty became colorful and colorful.

This is an era full of imagination.

In this era, China’s history has realized

A rare third national unification.

 

Open this indifferent textbook,

You will enter a mysterious world.