Mongolianization of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty

 

Mongolianization of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty

 

Speaking of the events of the Qing Dynasty, people will know that all the Han people who were defeated by the Manchu Qing had their hair cut off and grew hair. The tradition that the Han people called the skin and hair that cannot be moved was completely defeated. The Han people began to become Manchu, at least starting from scratch in terms of their hair. . In fact, the biggest change in the transformation of the Han people into Manchus started in the Yuan Dynasty. The Mongolianization of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty was an epoch-making transformation.

Agudengba chatted with Azhuo and Chu Sanxing about the Mongolianization of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty.

Agudenba said:

The Yuan Dynasty was a dynasty established by the Mongols. From the time when Genghis Khan unified the grasslands to the time of Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, he finally unified all of China. During this process, the cultural collision and exchanges between the Mongols, the Semu people and the Han people made Mongolia People and other ethnic minorities gradually became Chinese. At the same time, some Han people were influenced by the Mongolian rulers and turned to Mongolianization to cater to the high-ranking officials and nobles of the Yuan Dynasty. So all the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty were influenced by those Mongols? What methods of Mongolization were adopted to cater to the Mongol rulers?

The diverse national cultures of the Yuan Dynasty were in a process of collision and exchange, rather than a single, one-way "Sinicization". While the Mongolians and Semu people were Sinicizing, the Han people were also "Mongolianizing". We all know that the most basic thing for communication between civilizations must be writing. Therefore, many Han people during the Yuan Dynasty began to learn Mongolian writing and Mongolian pronunciation. This was the starting point and basis for the influence of Mongolian culture.

Chu Sanxing asked: How great was the influence of Mongolian customs on the Han people at that time?

Agudenba said:

"Records of the Ming Dynasty" records: "It is known that the customs of the Hu Dynasty were changed to the Chinese system. The common people's hair was braided in a bun and the Hu customs had deep eaves. The clothes were narrow sleeves with prayer pleats and braided waist pleats. Women's clothes were narrow-sleeved and short-sleeved. Wearing skirts and skirts is no longer the same as the old Chinese clothes. Some even changed their surnames to Hu names and adopted Hu dialects. They have been vulgar for a long time and they don’t know how to be strange." This mentions clothing, names, language, customs, etc., then we Let’s start with language and learn about the process of “Mongolianization” of the Han people in the Yuan Dynasty.

Since the Yuan Dynasty conquered various parts of China for more than 40 years, there are obvious differences in the time and degree of influence of Mongolian customs in various places. We can divide the stages into the first four Khan periods according to the order in which they occupied China. Kublai, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty, Lie to the period of Yuan Chengzong Tiemu'er, and Yuan Wuzong Haishan to the period of Yuan Shun Emperor.

In the early Mongolian period, that is, the period of the First Four Khans, the Mongolian army often captured craftsmen, women and children as personal servants of the nobles. Therefore, the first people to learn Mongolian language and writing during the First Four Khans were the Han children who were abducted to the Mongolian prairie.

For example, in "The Complete Works of Yuan Haowen", it is recorded in "The Shinto Monument of the First Tomb of the Prime Minister Liu":

Liu Min, a twelve-year-old Han boy, was kidnapped and became a slave of a Mongolian noble. Later, he took the initiative to request that he be transferred to Genghis Khan Temujin's Orton, so "within three or four years, all the translations were mastered, and he had a little bit of knowledge." Enshrined in the front...advancing and retreating, all of them are in tune with the sacred meaning." He even served as a translator and performed the imperial prelude in Mongolian, which was appreciated by Genghis Khan.

Wang Dezhen, who was "nine years old and orphaned", was captured in Yehuling during Genghis Khan's southern expedition to the Jin Dynasty. Genghis Khan felt that the child's head was unusually long, so he had someone take him home and raise him. "He liked his head," he said. "Extraordinary, I was ordered to raise him in the palace." Under the influence of Wang Dezhen's ears and eyes, he became proficient in the Mongolian language in just three years. "Enter and support". Later, Wang Dezhen became a personal guard of the Mongolian royal family, serving as the "fengyu" of Xue Xue. Wang Dezhen was also in charge of the palace affairs of the second queen, and Queen Hulan "caressed her like a son", which was called "Qie Liankou".

There is also Hao Monk Batu who was kidnapped by the Mongolian army at the age of nine and "lived under the tent of King Qite". He also accompanied him "with orders and orders, and never left him day and night. He was a little older and was proficient in translation."

In addition, there are also Shi Tianlin, who was left as a guard in Wokuotai at the age of fourteen; Zhang Xiongfei, who was kidnapped at the age of ten and "moved to Shuofang"; and who was "captured to Hanghai" at the age of fourteen and served in Kublai Khan's mansion Zhang Hui; Liang Degui, who started "serving" Queen Chabi at the age of eleven, and others. Although their family origins are different, they all have the common experience of being kidnapped to the Mobei grassland when they were young and serving with the Mongolian nobles and generals. This allowed them to quickly master the Mongolian language, learn Mongolian culture, and become The earliest Han people to become Mongolian.

Agudengba said again:

After that, Mongolia went south to destroy the Jin Dynasty and occupied the entire northern China. At this time, there were a large number of Han gentry and powerful landowners in the north. In order to have political contacts and daily communication with the Mongolian rulers and Mongolian nobles, many of them learned the Mongolian language.

For example, He Dao, the loyal son He Shi who was left behind on the Jinjing Road, was "fluent in the translation of all countries" and "brave and good at riding and shooting". He surrendered to Temujin's important minister, King Muhuali, and served as a forward under his command. He was promoted to Zuojianjun and Marshal of the Pianianxing. Government affairs.

Liu Haoli, the son of Jin Dali's commentator Liu Zhongze, "knows how to read and understand the country's dialect". He has served successively as a counselor in the Lian Fang Prefecture and as Daru Huachi in Yongxing Prefecture.

There is also Tan Cheng, who inherited his father's position as "Jiaocheng Order". He became famous and became rich because of his learning of Mongolian. He saw that the prefectural and county magistrates at that time only spoke Mongolian, "All prefectural and county magistrates have prisons in their orders, and they only speak the national language." He felt that as a county magistrate, he needed to find a translator, in case the translator spoke nonsense and deceived me. I will have bad luck as an official. So he studied Mongolian assiduously on his own. "Being a translator, he was worried that he would be deceived, so he privately traveled with those who were good at speaking about the country. He spent time under the sun and the moon, and he became proficient at the age of 10. The next day, at the county meeting, He does not need a translator, but he has no stagnation in his duties. People are different because they arrive without learning." Tan Cheng was able to use "Guoyu" and "Dafu" to deal with debates with the Mongolian governor in Yanjing, so he was appreciated by Kublai Khan and was ordered to stay in the vassal. Mansion. Tan Cheng rose from a county magistrate to a high-ranking official trusted by the emperor. "When sending ministers as envoys, they must do so in official company."

In order to understand how much financial and material resources and political capital Kublai Khan's men had, Mongke Khan sent his confidant Alan Dal to conduct an audit of the Han Dynasty's wealth under Kublai Khan's rule, which was known as Alan Dal Gou Kao in history. Because Tancheng was familiar with the Mongolian language, he was sent to Jingzhao to investigate the situation of Alan Da'er. Later, Tancheng became the deputy marshal of Sichuan Qian Province and Xuanwei Division.

These were the Han people who learned the Mongolian language during the period of the First Four Khans. It can be seen that most of them were young children who were kidnapped from childhood and grew up serving the Mongols, as well as gentry who wanted to cooperate with the Mongols. During the period from Kublai Khan to Emperor Chengzong, as the country gradually became pacified, more scholars from the southern Han people learned the Mongolian language. Many people entered official careers and there were not a few who learned the Mongolian language.

Agudengba said again:

Another form of Mongolianization of Han people is the change of "name". Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, there were countless Han people using Mongolian names. It was mainly Mongolian rulers who rewarded Han people with Mongolian names as a sign of praise, in order to win over the Han people and achieve the purpose of expanding their territory.

Zhang Rong surrendered to Mongolia and was awarded the official position of Marshal Zuo Dujian by the Yuan Dynasty. He was given the name Wu Suchi. Zheng Wen followed Meng Ge Khan for his meritorious service in conquering Sichuan and Sichuan. He was also given the name to be able to evacuate the capital. Jiata Cihun was recruited and awarded the title of Commander-in-Chief of the Fourth Army. Ta Cihun's Mongolian name; Jia Chao'er Chi's marshal, and Chao'er Chi's Mongolian name. Zheng Ding returned and was appointed to thousands of households, and was given the name of the capital; Gao Shanfu, a soldier of the Tanma Red Army, was named Huruhu in Mongolia; Liu Bin's son Liu Sijing raided thousands of households and was named Haba'erdu; Liu Minzi and Liu Shiheng attacked Yan Jingxing Judging Officer, Tatataertai, etc. These are the names given to the Han people who surrendered to the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty.

Similar to Zhang Batu who stayed in the guard and was named Batu, his son Zhang Manguguai was also named Manguguai; Shi Tianlin stayed in the guard and was named Mongolian Tai; Jia Xi stabbed "Diansi Yushan" and was named In the past, Chang inherited his father's position and was in charge of the internal affairs department of Meng Ge Khan's imperial palace, which earned him the Mongolian name Wu Yi Du. Xu Liang, the son of Xu Guozhen, served in the vassal residence of his ancestors and was named Khulu Huosun; Liu Minzi and Liu Shiji were named Sanzhutai because of their cowardice.

Liu Min was kidnapped by the Mongolian army when he was young, and was given the name Yu Chuqian (meaning young). Zhang Hui was "captured to Hanghai" when he was young, and was given the name Uluru Khunat. Monk Hao was robbed by the King of Qita at the age of nine, and was named after him. Batu and his fourth son also used the Mongolian name Zhacibuhua. These people were the Mongolian names changed by the captured Han children. These people were mainly given names by the Mongolian rulers, which is why the Mongolian rulers objectively promoted the Mongolianization process of some Han people.

At the same time, there is another phenomenon of changing the name of Mongolia, which is that some Han people with lower status pretend to be Mongolians, sneak into the government of the Mongolian rulers, and obtain some official positions, because it is easier for Mongolians to obtain official positions than Han people. And because high-level Han landowners and gentry are proud to use Mongolian names, this custom has also been promoted to ordinary Han people at the lower levels. Ordinary Han people are also proud to have Mongolian names in pursuit of fashion.

Under the influence of Mongolian culture, most Han people had double names, one was a Chinese name and the other was a Mongolian name. During this period, the Han people learned Mongolian language and culture and took Mongolian names, which were directly proportional to the official positions they received, so many Han people who have achieved great achievements in official career are also the best in learning Mongolian culture, which has led to the Mongolianization of many Han gentry and Han people.

In terms of naming, they did not use only Mongolian names, but took both Chinese and Mongolian names. This also shows that the Han people not only embraced Mongolian culture, but also had certain reservations about absorbing Mongolian culture.

For the Han people of the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolian culture not only influenced civilization exchanges, but also served as a ladder for Han people to advance to official positions. Therefore, Mongolian language and writing were highly respected by the middle- and upper-class Han gentry. At the same time, it also spread to the lower classes as a fashion and became a The entire population is more or less "Mongolized" in social development.

Agudemba sang a song called "The Servant Under the Horse's Hooves":

 

Dayuan expanded from north to south,

overthrew the rule of the Han people,

established a new dynasty,

That was the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.

 

The Han people under the hooves of Mongolian horses,

Become the lowest level of society,

Han people began to learn Mongolian,

Han customs began to change.

 

If you don’t change your surname when you sit down, you won’t change your name when you stand up.

The heroic words of the Han people have disappeared;

The Chinese surname was changed to Mongolian,

Is that sadness or glory.

 

Mongolian Han elites,

There is no shame in covering one’s face,

They enjoy being led by others,

Be willing to be a pawn in front of the horse.

 

If we want to track down traitors,

Then there were many traitors in the Yuan Dynasty.

In the Qing Dynasty, traitors cut off their hair and left their hair behind.

The traitors of the Yuan Dynasty changed their surnames.

 

A dynasty is full of lies,

One generation of emperors and one generation of slaves,

History never jokes,

Minions are good at carrying on the family line.

 

A slave believes in being loyal to the king and serving the country;

The family and the world are decided by the emperor alone.

You must kneel before your master,

They shouted in unison that longevity would be boundless.

 

Eunuchs love to write imperial history books,

If you write a biography of a slave,

I'm afraid it's far more glorious than historical records.

Qin Huang and Han Wu were no longer charming.