Wake up（230）

 

230

 

After Han Erniang and Chai Jianhua visited Professor Wei Zhongzhi, on the way home, Han Erniang told Chai Jianhua about "Xue Ji".

Han Erniang, who has been engaged in educational work for a long time, is no stranger to the ideological content of "Xue Ji".

Han Erniang said to Chai Jianhua: The full text of "Xue Ji" has 1,229 characters in total. It is short and concise, but the content is quite rich, incisive, and profound. It is a summary and summary of educational thoughts and educational practices in China's pre-Qin period. "Xue Ji" takes "University" as its political foundation and "Doctrine of the Mean" as its philosophical foundation. Its content involves aspects such as educational function, educational purpose, educational system, educational content, teaching principles, teaching methods, teacher-student relationship, and teacher issues. "Study Notes" has made a systematic and incisive summary and theoretical elaboration on the relationship between education and politics, and contains rich educational thoughts.

Han Erniang talked about the role and purpose of education. "Xue Ji" inherited the consistent thinking of pre-Qin Confucianism, and regarded education as the most effective means of implementing politics and social management. Since ancient times, it is impossible for any effective ruler to govern his country well by issuing decrees and seeking talents. The ruler wants to make the people abide by the social order and form good customs. , so as to achieve the goal of great governance in the world, it is necessary to develop social education, through social education means, to improve the cultural literacy and moral consciousness of all citizens. In addition, although human beings are inherently kind, if they do not receive education and study hard, they will not be able to understand the truth, let alone abide by the decrees of the "king". This is like a piece of beautiful jade. Although the texture is beautiful, it cannot be a beautiful tool without careful carving. The ancient emperors knew this well. In the process of building a country and ruling the people, they always attached great importance to how to educate the people. . In particular, highlighting the political function of education has formed the characteristics of loyalty to the emperor in ancient Chinese education.

In terms of education system and content, "Xue Ji" emphasizes the role of education and clarifies the purpose of education. At the same time, it plans the school education system and advocates the establishment of a strict school assessment system. It is proposed to establish schools of different levels in different local administrative agencies, and establish national universities and primary schools in the center to form a criss-cross education network. Schools, Xiang, Xu, and Xue are schools located in the family, the party, the art, and the state. This proposal also puts forward the idea of establishing the establishment of the school year. The university education is divided into two stages. The study period for the "Minor Achievement" stage is seven years and four grades, and the "Great Achievement" stage is two years and one grade. This is the earliest assumption about the grade system in ancient school education. "Xueji" also pointed out that the government officials appointed by the emperor or the emperor himself should not come to the school to inspect and assess the academic performance of the students until the summer festival is over, so that the students have more time to study leisurely according to their own interests. This emperor's inspection system was later inherited.

Han Erniang told Chai Jianhua:

"Study Notes" talked about the principles and methods of education. Summarizes the experience and lessons of educational success and failure since the pre-Qin period, starts from pointing out the problems, and puts forward the principles and methods that must be followed in the process of education and teaching. That is, teachers should not only let students read the text aloud, but should allow students to think independently; teachers should not just ask tedious questions, teach and indoctrinate blindly, but should pay attention to the cultivation of students' initiative; Grasping time, regardless of students' ability to accept; teaching should not only start from the wishes of educators, without considering the inner needs of students; teachers should consider the differences in students' personalities and talents, and teaching should not be one size fits all, but should be taught according to their aptitude. These disadvantages are extremely harmful to the teaching work. It causes students to hate learning and resent teachers. However, they have not made substantial progress in their studies. Even if they barely finish their studies, they will soon forget them. "The reason.

"Student Records" puts forward specific measures for school management, first of all, it pays special attention to university entrance education and the management of students' daily behavior. "Study Notes" regards entrance education as the beginning of university education, and requires that on the first day of school, the prince and all civil and military officials will visit the school palace in person to participate in the opening ceremony, and use fresh vegetables and fruits to sacrifice to the sages and teachers to show their respect. The meaning of heavy road. After the opening ceremony, the first thing freshmen learn is the three poems in "The Book of Songs Xiaoya", namely "Deer Ming", "Si Mu" and "Huang Huang Zhe Hua". Poetry, entrance education, learning them is to tell students that university education is to train government officials, and going to university is "the beginning of an official", which is equivalent to taking the first step in an official career, and they must think about how to be a government official in the future. A good official who is loyal to the king, diligent in administration and loving the people.

"Xue Ji" proposes that there must be certain admonition rituals in the teaching process. During class, students can only open the book case and take out the books when they hear the sound of the drum. The purpose is to cultivate students' serious attitude towards their studies. Teachers should prepare the pointer for punishing students before class. The pointer was called "Xia Chu" in ancient times. The purpose is to strictly enforce classroom discipline, so that students dare not waste their studies due to slack.

Regarding the role of teachers and the basic qualities that teachers should possess, there are discussions in "Xueji". Put forward the idea of respecting teachers. The whole society should respect teachers. This will inevitably put forward high requirements for the quality that teachers should possess. The qualities that teachers should possess include four aspects: First, they have high political quality and moral awareness. The second is to have extensive knowledge. The third is to understand the law of education. Fourth, teachers are required to have good language skills. Regarding the question of how teachers can improve themselves, "Study Notes" put forward the proposition that "teaching benefits both" for the first time in the history of world education. The original intention is that teachers themselves should constantly learn from books and from educational practice.

"Study Notes" is a summary of ancient Chinese educational theories, teaching principles, and teaching methods. Its language mostly uses comparison, discusses from both positive and negative aspects, and draws concise conclusions, instead of adopting eloquent debate methods, but its argumentative nature can still be felt. The thinking is clear, the style of writing is smooth, the writing is progressive, and the writing is coherent, giving people a sense of coherence.

Han Erniang told Chai Jianhua that Professor Wei Zhongzhi had a lot of research on "Xue Ji", and he believed that "Xue Ji" was the first treatise on education and teaching in the history of Chinese education and the history of world education. Comenius's "Great Teaching Treatise" was first published 1,800 or 900 years ago. Many of them are not only the first in the history of education, but also have been tested by more than two thousand years of educational practice. Even if they are placed in the category of modern teaching theories, they still sparkle with sparks of life. It is a valuable material for the study of ancient Chinese educational thought and practice, and one of the precious educational heritages of China and the world.

Han Erniang and Chai Jianhua talked and chatted, and slowly returned home. For Chai Jianhua, it was the first time in his life that he had a new understanding of ancient Chinese education. Education is very important to the cultivation of talents; teachers are very important to the development of education. Respect for teachers is respect for education; respect for education is respect for talents; respect for talents is respect for the development of the country and nation, which is also respect for the future.

But what Chai Jianhua doesn't understand is why modern education in China is going downhill. In various political campaigns, teachers have been hit the hardest, and students trained by famous Chinese schools have been lost overseas. Domestic college graduates have encountered difficulties in finding employment, and a considerable part of the unemployed are college graduates.