Wake up（284）

 

284

 

Who initiated the "One Strike, Three Antis" movement? Some say it was Mao Zedong, while others said it was Zhou Enlai.

Nan Lutong asked two professors, Hong Wenxuan and Shen Zhirui. The two said in unison: "It's Zhou Enlai." The answer can be found in the second volume of "Zhou Enlai Chronicle". "Zhou Enlai Chronicle" was published by Central Literature Publishing House in May 1997.

Professor Hong Wenxuan said: Actually, the real purpose of the so-called "one attack and three antis" is not "three antis", but "one attack". Because the "three antis", "anti-corruption and theft", and "anti-speculation and profiteering" belong to the economic scope, and at most they are criminal offenses. "Anti-extravagance and waste" is a matter of work style, not even crime. The "one strike" is a political issue, and it is the core vital point that is afraid of endangering the regime. Judging from the implementation in various places in the future, this movement is also mainly a "one strike". For example, in the 11th issue of the "Politics Briefing" compiled and distributed by the Political Work Group of the Revolutionary Committee of Anhui Province on March 24, 1970, it stated in the "Summary of the 'One Strike and Three Anti' Movement in Hefei City in the Past One Month": "This movement only needs us to Earnestly grasp the spirit of 'one strike and three antis', and highlight the word 'fight', and other problems will be solved." The title of another article on the experience of Anhui Silk Factory in the "Briefing" is more direct: "Highlight the word "fight" , pay close attention to a "quasi" word".

Professor Shen Zhirui said that the key to the problem is to find out how the "Instructions on Combating Counter-revolutionary and Sabotage Activities" were issued. According to various sources, the issuance of the "Instructions" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China was Zhou Enlai's intention and personal leadership, rather than Mao Zedong's relevant instructions. This can be found in the officially published Chronicle of Zhou Enlai. The "Chronology" recorded on January 30, 1970 as follows:

  On January 30, he submitted the revised draft of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's "Instructions on Combating Counter-Revolutionary and Sabotage Activities" to Mao Zedong and Lin Biao, and proposed: "After several discussions, we believe that it is necessary to issue such an instruction now to give a small group of people who are preparing for war The sabotage activities of counter-revolutionaries must be attacked." Mao Zedong commented: Do as it is. On the 31st, the "Instructions" were issued.

This record shows that the "Instructions" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China were sent to Mao Zedong for instructions after Zhou Enlai presided over the relevant meeting "after several discussions". In particular, the sentence pattern and tone of "We... think we need it now" clearly show that Zhou Enlai took the initiative to make such a document, rather than passively doing so under Mao Zedong's order.

At the same time, in another more authoritative official document, "Mao Zedong's Manuscripts Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China", the relationship between initiative and passivity is more clear. In the "Manuscript", in the "Comments on the Directive Draft of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to Combat Counter-Revolutionary and Sabotage Activities", this Mao Zedong's comment "published according to Mao Zedong's manuscript" has only two words: "do as it is". In its "Notes", there are the following detailed records and explanations of the reason and specific content of this document:

     The CCP Central Committee's directive draft submitted by Zhou Enlai for review on January 30, 1970 pointed out that in order to implement war preparations and consolidate national defense, all kinds of sabotage activities by counter-revolutionaries must be resolutely cracked down. ... Zhou Enlai wrote in his report for trial: "After several discussions, we believe that it is necessary to issue such an instruction now to combat the sabotage activities of a small group of counter-revolutionaries in the preparations and mobilization." About the origin and motivation of issuing this document. The "Instructions" said: "Soviet revisionists are intensifying their collusion with U.S. imperialism and conspiring to launch a war of aggression against us; domestic counter-revolutionaries are also taking advantage of the opportunity to mobilize and respond to each other. This is a new trend worth noting in the current class struggle. This small group of counter-revolutionaries is trying to Relying on the power of the emperor, the revisionists, and the rebels, they restored their lost paradise and stepped up sabotage activities. Some spread the terror of war and spread rumors to confuse the public; some stole state secrets and served the enemy; Secret collusion, conspiring riots; some embezzlement and theft, speculation, destroying the socialist economy;

After Mao Zedong read it, he wrote a two-character comment: "Do as it is."

It can be seen that this crucial "Instruction" of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which has wronged millions of people, arrested and imprisoned hundreds of thousands, and executed tens of thousands of people, has been "several times discussed" from drafting to presiding over the Politburo. When submitting Mao Zedong's instructions, Zhou Enlai handled it all by himself.

Professor Hong Wenxuan added: And so far, there is no document, including memoirs, that can show that Mao Zedong asked Zhou Enlai to do this. The original motivation for launching a large-scale "strike against counter-revolutionaries", as stated by Zhou Enlai in his "Report for Review", was for the consideration of "combat readiness" and "strikes against the sabotage activities of a small group of counter-revolutionaries during the mobilization for war preparations".

I also saw an indirect material in the CD-ROM of the "Chinese Cultural Revolution Library" edited by Song Yongyi and published by the China Studies Service Center of the Chinese University of Hong Kong. The chairman appreciated three things, one is the national planning work conference, the other is the three documents issued by the central government, and the third is combat readiness. Among them, the "three documents" refers to the three documents of "one attack, three antis". Regarding the "one attack and three antis", Mao Zedong's original words are: "One attack and three antis are done well! Pay attention to policies, prevent expansion, speculation, corruption and theft, pay attention to policies, as long as the small ones are paid, they can be refunded If it is really difficult to return the compensation, it can be reduced or exempted." It is puzzling that Mao Zedong did not mention the core and most critical "strike against counter-revolutionaries" of the "One Strike Three Antis".

Professor Shen Zhirui turned around and said to Chai Jianhua's wife Han Erniang:

On February 26, 1971, the "Notice of the Central Committee to Approve the Minutes of the Fifteenth National Public Security Conference" mentioned that Mao Zedong had put forward "an important instruction that we do not rule by killing people", which reflected Mao Zedong's attitude towards Zhou Enlai's leadership. The killing campaign has shown its displeasure.

Therefore, when the movement reached its climax in December of that year, it turned into a sudden interruption and gradually ebbed.

There should be two reasons why the "one attack, three anti" campaign lost momentum.

In the larger context, the political situation in the country has changed, which is why Chen Boda capsized at the second "Lushan Conference" that summer. Mao Zedong was determined to take advantage of this to clean up the "deputy commander in chief" Lin Biao, and after the meeting, he launched a massive "criticism and rectification" campaign first within the party and then across the country. Mao Zedong has always been more concerned about the high-level power struggle around him. Against this backdrop, the "One Strike, Three Antis" movement had to give way.

Another reason is more direct. It was a blow to Zhou Enlai who initiated and has been in charge of the "One Strike and Three Antis" movement.

When did Mao Zedong realize that "one strike and three antis" arrest people, especially kill too many people? And how did you speak to stop it? There is no accurate record in the relevant literature, but it has been disclosed.

Professor Shen Zhirui said that the "Zhou Enlai Chronicle" has the following records:

On December 29, he presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to discuss and revise the "Report on the Implementation of Chairman Mao's Recent Important Instructions on Countering Rebellion" by the Party's core group of the Ministry of Public Security. The next day, the Central Committee’s draft reply to the Ministry of Public Security’s report based on the opinions of the Politburo meeting was submitted to Mao Zedong and Lin Biao. At the same time, the attached letter explained that since the "Cultural Revolution", the entire public security work and its cadres suffered serious losses, and introduced the topic of the fifteenth National Public Security Work Conference held in mid-December. At present, Mao Zedong's recent instructions should be implemented to control the arrest and murder of people. The central approval document and the Ministry of Public Security report were approved by Mao Zedong and issued as documents of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.

Professor Hong Wenxuan added: Recently, I was fortunate enough to find an original document of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China from the pile of old papers, and only then did I find out the original words of Mao Zedong's criticism. This is a "Notice of the Central Committee to Approve and Transmit the Minutes of the Fifteenth National Public Security Conference" with the number "Zhongfa (1971) No. 20" mentioned in "Zhou Enlai's Chronicle". This "Notice" was issued in 1971 Issued on February 26, 2011, the first part of the main text "The Minutes of the Fifteenth Public Security Conference" "1. Gains from the meeting" contains a passage: the great leader Chairman Mao and Chairman Mao as the head and Vice Chairman Lin as the deputy The Party Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is very concerned about the work of public security. Before the meeting, Chairman Mao put forward an important instruction that we do not rule by killing people. During the meeting, Chairman Mao personally instructed to "follow" the No. 1 document issued in mid-1971, and also made an important instruction that the public security work should be divided into two. This is of great significance for strengthening the dictatorship of the proletariat and raising awareness of the line struggle.

Professor Shen Zhirui said that on December 21, the 3rd Congress of the Communist Party of China in Beihai City was held, and the future tasks of the meeting were determined to continue to engage in combative corrections, to carry out in-depth revolutionary criticism, and to grasp the "one attack, three antis" movement to the end. Continue to attack a small group of counter-revolutionaries who are trying to restore capitalism. However, on December 25, the Beihai City Revolutionary Committee issued a notice to abolish the city's "Second Five-Year" Office, and the "Second Five-Year" Offices of other levels of revolutionary committees and fronts were also abolished accordingly, and specific tasks were handled in a centralized manner.

On December 29, Zhou Enlai presided over a meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to discuss and revise the "Report on the Implementation of Chairman Mao's Recent Important Instructions on Countering Rebellion Issues" by the Party's core group of the Ministry of Public Security. He said: "...Mao Zedong's recent instructions should be implemented , to control the arrest and killing of people. The central approval document and the report of the Ministry of Public Security were approved by Mao Zedong and issued as a document of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.”

Professor Shen Zhirui also said that due to various reasons, the progress and duration of this movement vary from place to place. In some places it lasted until 1972. It was not until 1972 and 1973 that the central authorities received reports of the "victorious end" of the movement.

This brutal campaign of killings ended in Beijing at the end of 1970, and in other regions much later, such as Shanghai at the end of 1972, and Baoding in Hebei Province in December 1972.

In January 1972, the Revolutionary Committee of Heilongjiang Province stated that the movement had uncovered 3,173 political cases and 37,462 economic cases on the province's financial and trade fronts. The CCP officials did not disclose the total number of people suppressed by the movement. The only figure released was that in the first 10 months, more than 1.84 million "counter-revolutionaries" were exposed, more than 284,800 were arrested, and thousands of people were killed. The well-known scholar Ding Shu estimates that the number of abnormal deaths in this killing campaign is between 150,000 and 200,000.

Professor Hong Wenxuan said: Most of those killed in this campaign were intellectuals. The difference from the "Red August" in 1966 was that the fate of a person was determined by birth in the Red August, while "One Hit and Three Antis" means that as long as you have reactionary thoughts, you can be executed regardless of your birth. The results showed that Zhou Enlai was indeed mainly responsible for the "one attack, three anti" killing campaign, which was very harmful to the people of the country and had an impact even after the end of the Cultural Revolution in the early 1980s.

Professor Shen Zhirui turned around and said to Nanyang Sheng and Wanru, the teachers did not dare to say these things when you were in school, and of course there was not enough information available at that time. Now that Professor Wenxuan and I are both old, you and Cheng Yenan are very young. If you have spare time, you can do some research on the events of the Cultural Revolution, at least to understand some basic characteristics.

Professor Shen Zhirui sighed and said: the Cultural Revolution has passed for more than 50 years, why do we still need to study it? The reason is simple. The Cultural Revolution 2.0 has quietly emerged. Those who use the banner of the new era are repeating the Cultural Revolution killings. Their current words and deeds can be found in the Cultural Revolution. To study the Cultural Revolution is to prevent and prevent the recurrence of killings.