Tibetan traditional art costumes

 

Tibetan traditional art costumes

When it comes to Tibetan clothing, people's first impression is probably the Tibetan robes and Tibetan hats worn by Tibetans.

When the wise man Agudengba and the caravan leader Latso traveled in Tibet, Tibetan clothing became one of the topics.

Agudemba said:

Tibetan clothing is the most common Tibetan robe. Urban residents like to use high-grade wool to make Tibetan robes, Pulu are used in agricultural areas, and furs are used in pastoral areas.

This kind of robe is worn by men, women and children of all ages. It is long and has a leather sleeve with edges. It has neither pockets nor buttons. On weekdays, men's robes are mostly plain and trimmed with wide black borders, while festive attire requires colorful trims. The trimmings of women's robes are more colorful. The most representative trimming material is a kind of wool fabric. The colors and patterns are very particular. Especially the trimmings of herdsmen's Tibetan robes are often blue, green, purple, cyan and orange. Vertical stripes of , yellow, beige and other colors form a five-color belt.

The shoulders, hem and cuffs of women's leather robes often have yellow, red, green and purple stripes nearly 10 cm wide, and complementary colors such as red and green, white and black, red and blue, yellow and purple are often boldly used. Sometimes gold and silver threads are also used in the strong contrast. The bright and harmonious artistic effect gives people a strong artistic appeal.

Tibetans like to wear hats. The main types of hats include felt hats, leather hats, golden flower hats and top hats.

Felt hat is the oldest Tibetan hat. It is made of white wool felt. It is tall, pointed and has a small brim. It is simple to make.

Fur hats are made from a whole piece of high-quality fox skin, with the fur completely exposed to show prowess and wealth. Some use brocade as the outer surface of the hat, and the brim is decorated with fox skin.

The golden flower hat is also a relatively common hat. The hat has a cylindrical body and four lugs protruding outwards from the bottom. It is made of felt, woolen and fur as raw materials, and decorated with golden satin and gold ribbons.

Agudengpa also talked about the "bangdian" in Tibetan clothing. What is "bangdian"? Lacuo hesitated.

Agudengba explained to Lacuo:

  "Bang" means "Hua" in Tibetan, "Dian" means "mat" in Tibetan, and "Bangdian" means the mat that protects the front of the bosom. Apron is called an apron in Chinese and is an accessory worn around the waist by Tibetan women.

Lacuo understood, it turned out that "bangdian" was an apron.

The "Bangdian" in Tibetan clothing is based on the splicing of colorful and non-colored horizontal stripes as its basic style. Some are supplemented by vertical stripes of decorative color strips or auspicious patterns on the edges. The styles are basically fixed, and they are all in the range of 0.5x18cm. Large or small rectangular horizontally woven silk or wool fabric. There are two thin silk-wool webbings at the horizontal width of the waist. When wearing, the thin straps can be wrapped around the waist to fix it and outline the female curves.

Bangdian is an important part of Tibetan women's clothing. According to Tibetan customs, a girl is considered an adult when she reaches 15 years old, and her family holds a formal coming-of-age ceremony for her. An important ceremony is to tie a beautiful bangdian around her waist.

Agudengba told Latsosu about the historical origins of Tibetan clothing.

Tibetans are one of the oldest ethnic groups in China and South Asia and mainly live on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. It was called "Tubo" in the Tang and Song dynasties, "Tubo" and "Xibo" in the Yuan Dynasty, and "Xibo", "Tibet", "Tanggute", "Tibet", "Tibetans", etc. in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. .

In the development of thousands of years, the Tibetan people have formed their own unique clothing culture, which is as long-standing, colorful and unique as its history.

Looking back at the history of Tibetan clothing, we have to start from the Tubo era. The close exchanges between Tubo and the Central Plains have injected fresh blood into the development of Tibetan costumes. Tibetan clothing represents identity and belief, which is quite unique.

During the Yuan Dynasty in China, the influence of Tibetan religious beliefs on clothing gradually increased. Specific patterns or symbols were used to express a specific meaning. Tibetan robes imitating the color of cassocks and decorations printed with religious symbols and Buddhist treasures appeared. etc.

During the Ming Dynasty, the art of Tibetan opera entered a new era. In addition to the daily costumes of nobles in history, Tibetan opera costumes also developed another type of highly exaggerated costumes and a large number of masks. These costumes were gorgeous, exaggerated, and focused on expression. With its powerful and strong decorative effect, it successfully put Tibetan costumes on the drama stage after artistic treatment, adding new blood to Tibetan costume culture. At the same time, it has greatly promoted the development of Tibetan drama, dance, fine arts and other arts.

During the Qing Dynasty, Tibetan clothing culture developed tremendously and became increasingly stereotyped, and is most closely related to today.

Agudengba said to Lacuo again:

Due to different natural conditions and production methods, Tibetan costumes are rich and colorful, with many differences, too numerous to mention. In some areas, there are great differences between counties and townships. There are more than 200 types of clothing discovered so far, ranking first among ethnic minorities in China.

The most basic characteristics of Tibetan costumes are fat waist, long sleeves, large lapel, right hem, long skirt, long boots, braided hair, gold, silver, pearls and jade jewelry, etc. A complete set of Tibetan clothing consists of hats, shirts, robes, trousers, boots, belts, etc. Except for belts, they are divided into three categories: winter clothing, summer clothing, and spring and autumn clothing. The material used for winter clothing is fur, summer clothing is mostly made of cotton and satin, and spring and autumn clothing is made of Pulu or blanket noodles.

Tibetan dance has distinctive national characteristics and a long history. Tibetans are widely spread in Tibet, Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, Yunnan and other places. Their costumes are colorful, and the men's costumes are vigorous and bold; the women's costumes are elegant and unrestrained, especially jewelry, gold and jade as accessories, forming a The unique style of plateau women. During every theatrical performance and festival, all kinds of brightly colored Tibetan performance costumes will become the focus. Headdresses decorated with various jewelry and waist coats are the most distinctive parts of Tibetan clothing.

Tibetan men and women pay special attention to ornaments. The textures of the ornaments include silver, gold, pearls, agate, jade, jade, coral, amber, etc. They are widely used in headwear, hair accessories, earrings, necklaces, waist ornaments and rings. They are beautiful in shape, mostly in natural shapes, and can be said to be the finishing touch in Tibetan costumes.

The more distinctive ones are the "Bazhu" on the head of the Tibetan woman, the silver coins decorated in the braid, the "Gawu" protective Buddha box hanging on the chest, and the long string of metal coins, waist knives, and fire sickle boxes worn on the waist. .

Young women comb two braids and use bright wool to braid their hair. Women in pastoral areas will comb many small braids on their backs. Some braids are intertwined to form a braid network, and some add 10 cm wide braids on the braids. Ribbons decorated with agate, jewels and jade.

Headdresses and accessories play an important role in Tibetan dance costumes. The waist coat is the most distinctive. The accessories are mostly related to ancient life and production. The most exquisite ones are also inlaid with gold and silver jewelry. The texture of the headdress includes copper, silver, gold carved objects and jade, coral, pearls and other treasures.

Agudengpa also talked about the differences between men’s and women’s performance attire in Tibet:

Tibetan men's clothing is basically the same everywhere, with fatness being its characteristic. Wear a short coat inside, and a buttonless robe with a large collar and open right lapel, called "Chuba" in Tibetan. The waist is tied with a wide wool belt, and some are beautifully decorated wide belts with pockets; underneath are long trousers. Slip on leather or Pulu-sewn boots.

The characteristics of Tibetan women's dance performance costumes are long sleeves, large lapels, and wide waists. Tibetan robes are the main style of Tibetan performance costumes. There are many types of Tibetan robes, and the pattern decoration is very particular. The styles of Tibetan robes can be divided into long-sleeved leather robes, workcloth wide robes, Sleeveless shoulder and sleeveless gown with ruffled collar.

Agudengpa again talked about Tibetan hada:

"Ha" in Tibetan means "mouth", and "Da" means "horse". The literal translation of the word "Hada" is: a horse in the mouth, which means that this kind of gift is equivalent to a horse. value. Because when people meet, they can’t just bring horses anywhere; but they can’t just use their mouths to replace a horse with this silk “hada”.

Hada is the most popular gift for Tibetan people of any class when they come and go. Hada is similar to the ancient Han ritual silk. This custom is found in areas where Tibetan culture is popular, including Nepal, Bhutan, and Buryatia in Russia.

Hada is the most important decoration in Tibetan costumes and the most common ceremonial item in Tibet. Its main function is to express prayer, respect, friendship and sincerity.

The texture, specification, color, and length of Hada are different. In the past, the materials used to weave Hada were mostly raw silk or linen. In recent years, more and more artificial fibers are used to weave Hada. There are many ways to fold hada, depending on the grade and use, and contain different meanings.

Tibetans value whiteness, and white symbolizes holiness, sincerity, and frankness, so the common Hadado is white. In addition, there are colorful hadas woven in blue, white, yellow, green and red, each with its own meaning. White represents white clouds, blue represents the blue sky, green represents river water, red represents the space protector, and yellow represents the earth. Colorful hadas are used as colorful arrows when presented to Bodhisattvas and close relatives. They are the most precious gifts. Buddhist teachings explain that the colorful khata is the costume of Bodhisattva. Therefore, colorful hada is only used under certain circumstances.

The movements of presenting a hada vary from person to person. Generally speaking, you need to hold the hada with both hands and hold it up to shoulder level, then stretch it forward and bend down to give it to the other party. At this time, the hada is at the same level as the top of your head, showing respect and kindness to the other party. The greatest blessing - good luck and good luck. The other party received it with both hands in a respectful manner. When offering hada to the venerables and elders, you should raise your hands above your head, lean forward slightly, and hold the hada in front of the seat or at your feet; for peers or subordinates, you can tie it around their necks. Offering hada is very common in Tibet, and even when people write to each other, they also include a small hada in the envelope to express blessings and greetings. What is particularly interesting is that Tibetans also take a few hadas with them when they go out, in case they meet long-lost relatives or friends on the way. Hada represents different meanings in different situations. On festive days, people offer khatas to each other to express congratulations on a happy trip and a happy life; presenting khatas at weddings means wishing the newlyweds to be in love and grow old together; offering khatas when welcoming guests to express their piety and pray for the blessings of Bodhisattva; at funerals, khatas are presented to each other. Hada expresses condolences for the deceased and comfort to the family of the deceased. It is said that when Tibetans enter the temple gate, they first offer a hada, then pay homage to the Buddha statues, visit various halls and sit there. When leaving, they also place a hada behind the seat where they have been sitting, which means that although the person has left, my heart is still there. Still here.

Nowadays, the style of Tibetan clothing has been continuously improved with the development of the times. While retaining the color style and pattern, it is combined with modern aesthetics, the fabric selection is more abundant, and the style is simpler.

The improved Tibetan clothing has even appeared on the international fashion stage, which represents the gradual internationalization of Tibetan clothing and shows the unique charm of Tibetan clothing culture to the world.

Tibetan clothing is the epitome of Tibetan culture and life. It condenses the essence of Tibetan traditional culture for thousands of years. Every stitch and thread contains the diligence and wisdom of our ancestors, and is worthy of respect and appreciation by each of us.

Agudengba impromptuly sang a song "Dedicated to My Hada":

 

I held the Hada with both hands,

Lift the hada up to shoulder level,

Then stretch the hada flat forward,

I bend down to offer you a hada,

Sending you my greatest blessings.

 

Wish the elders good luck and good luck,

I wish my relatives and friends good health and happiness,

I wish you a long life and endless life,

Bless the gods to protect all living beings,

Wish the motherland prosperity.

 

I present a beautiful hada,

Hada represents blue sky and white clouds,

Hada represents the green river,

Hada represents the yellow earth,

Hada represents the red protector.

 

I offer my holy hada,

That is Himalayan snow lotus,

That is the Gesang flower in the snowy land,

Let us reminisce about butter tea,

Let's drink highland barley wine together.

 

Hada is my pure heart,

I dedicated it to the gods of heaven and earth,

To my galloping horse,

Dedicated to my flying eagle,

Dedicated to the expectations in my heart.

藏族传统艺术服饰（雪域寓言）

 

藏族传统艺术服饰

说到西藏的服装，人们的第一印象大概就是藏族人的藏袍，还有西藏人戴的藏帽。

智者阿古登巴和马帮领队拉措在游历西藏时，藏服也就成了话题之一。

阿古登巴说：

藏族服装以藏袍最为常见。城镇居民喜欢用高级毛料制作藏袍，农区用氆氇，牧区用毛皮。

这种袍服男女老少都穿，长身，皮筒包面镶边，既无口袋，也无纽扣。平日里男袍多为素色，镶以宽大黑边，节日盛装则要穿有彩色镶边的。女袍边饰更为艳丽，最有代表性的镶边所采用的质料是一种毛织物，色彩和图案很讲究，特别是牧民的藏袍镶边，常用蓝、绿、紫、青、橙、黄、米等色竖条纹组成五彩色带。

女皮袍的肩部、下摆和袖口，常用近10厘米宽的黄、红、绿、紫色条纹，而且常常大胆使用红配绿、白配黑、红配蓝、黄配紫等互补色，有时候还要在强烈的对比中夹以金银线，那种明快、和谐的艺术效果给人以强烈的艺术感染力。

藏族人喜欢戴帽，帽子种类主要有毡帽、皮帽、金花帽和礼帽等。

毡帽是藏族最古老的帽子，以白色羊毛毡为原料，帽身高，顶尖，帽檐较小，制作简单。

皮帽是用整张上等狐皮制作，完全将皮毛露在外面以显示英武和财富，有些则是用锦缎在外做帽面，帽檐使用狐皮作为装饰。

金花帽也是较为常见的帽子，帽身为筒形，下面伸出四片帽耳向外翻出，以毛毡、毛呢和皮毛作为原材料，用金花缎、金丝带做装饰。

阿古登巴又说起了西藏服装中的“邦典”，什么是“邦典”？拉措犹豫了一下。

阿古登巴向拉措解释道：

 “邦”在藏语里是“怀”的意思，“典”在藏语里是“垫子”的意思，“邦典”的意思是保护怀前的垫子。汉语称围裙，是藏族妇女围在腰上的衣饰品。

拉措明白了，原来“邦典”就是围裙。

西藏服装中的“邦典”，以有彩色与无彩色相间的拼接横条纹为其基本样式，有的在边缘以竖条纹的装饰彩条或者吉祥纹样为辅助，款式基本固定，均为0.5x18cm范围大小的长方形横织纹丝或毛织布。其中束腰横宽处有两条丝毛细织带，穿着时将细带围绕在腰上以便固定，勾勒出女性曲线。

邦典是藏族妇女服饰的重要组成部分，藏族的风俗习惯中，女孩长到15岁就算成年，家人为她举办正式的成人礼，其中重要的仪式就是腰部系上一条漂亮的邦典。

阿古登巴对拉措叙说起西藏服装的历史渊源。

藏族是中国及南亚最古老的民族之一，主要生活在青藏高原上。唐宋时称“吐蕃”，元代称“吐蕃”、“西蕃”，明清时期称“西蕃”、“图伯特”、“唐古特”、“藏蕃”、“藏人”等。

藏族在千百年来的发展中，形成了自己独特的服饰文化，与其历史一样源远流长，多姿多彩，独具魅力。

回顾西藏服装的历史，还得从吐蕃时代说起。吐蕃与中原的密切交往，为藏族服饰的发展注入了新鲜血液。以藏族服饰表征身份和信仰，颇具特色。

在中国元朝时期，西藏的宗教信仰对服饰的影响渐渐增大，以特定的图纹或符号来表达一种特定的意思，出现仿袈裟色泽的藏袍和印有宗教符号及佛教法宝的装饰品等等。

在明朝时，藏戏艺术发展进入新时期，藏戏服饰除了历史上贵族们的日常服饰外，还发展出了另一类高度夸张的服饰以及大量的面具，这类服饰艳丽、夸张，重在表现力与强烈的装饰效果，成功地将藏族服饰经过艺术处理后搬上了戏剧舞台，为藏族服饰文化增添了新的血液。同时又大大促进了藏族戏剧、舞蹈、美术等艺术的发展。

清朝时期，藏族的服饰文化得到了巨大的发展并日趋定型，与今天的联系最为密切。

阿古登巴对拉措又说道：

由于自然条件、生产方式的不同，藏族服饰丰富多彩，差异颇多，不胜枚举。有些地区，县与县、乡与乡之间都有较大区别。目前发现的服饰类型已有200多种，居中国少数民族之首。

藏族服饰的最基本特征是肥腰、长袖、大襟、右衽、长裙、长靴、编发、金银珠玉饰品等。一整套藏族服饰由帽、衬衫、袍、裤、靴、腰带等组成。除腰带外，均分冬装、夏装、春秋装三类。冬装用料为皮毛，夏装多用绵绸缎布，春秋装为氆氇或毛毯挂面等。

藏族舞蹈具有鲜明的民族特色和悠久的历史，藏族广布西藏、四川、青海、甘肃、云南等地，服饰多姿多彩、男装雄健豪放；女装典雅潇洒，尤以珠宝金玉做为佩饰，形成高原女子特有的风格。每逢文艺表演和节庆活动，各式色彩明艳的藏族演出服饰都会成为焦点。缀有各种珠宝的头饰、腰部配褂是藏族服饰中最有特色的部分。

藏族男女特别讲究饰物，饰品的质地有银、金、珍珠、玛瑙、玉、翡翠、珊瑚、琥珀等等，广泛运用于头饰、发饰、耳环、项链、腰饰和戒指。造型美观，多为自然形状，可以说是藏族服饰中的点睛之笔。

比较有特色的是藏族女子头顶上的“巴珠”，发辫上装饰的银币，胸前挂的护身佛盒“嘎乌”，以及腰上佩的长串金属币、腰刀、火镰盒子等。

年轻女子梳两条辫子，并用鲜艳的毛线掺辫盘头，牧区的女子会梳很多的小辫子披在背部，有的辫梢互相交织成辫网，有的在辫子上加挂10厘米宽的缀有玛瑙、珠宝、玉器的饰带。

头饰、佩饰在藏族舞蹈服饰中占有重要位置，佩饰以腰部的佩褂最有特色，饰品多与古代生息生产有关。讲究的还镶以金银珠宝、头饰的质地有铜、银、金质雕镂器物和玉、珊瑚、珍珠等珍宝。

阿古登巴又说起了西藏男女表演服饰的区别：

藏族男子服饰各地基本相同，肥大是其特点。内穿短衣，外穿大领开右襟、一股无纽扣的长袍，藏语叫“初巴”，腰系宽毛带，也有的是装饰精美的有口袋的宽皮带；下穿长裤，套入皮或氆氇缝制的长筒靴。

藏族女子表演舞蹈服装特点是长袖、大襟、宽腰，藏袍是藏族演出服装的主要款式，藏袍的种类很多，并且花纹装饰很讲究，藏袍式样可分长袖皮袍，工布宽肩无袖、无袖女长袍和加珞花领。

阿古登巴又说起了西藏的哈达：

藏文的 “哈” 是 “口” 的意思， “达” 是 “马” 的意思，“哈达” 两个字直译出来：口上的一匹马，即是说这种礼物相当于一匹马的价值。因为一般人在会见的时候，不是随便随地都可以带着马匹来送的；但又不能只是用口说，就以这种丝织品的 “哈达” 来代一匹马了。

哈达是藏族任何阶层的人物，在来往时最通行的一种礼物。哈达类似于古代汉族的礼帛。藏文化流行的地区包括尼泊尔、不丹和俄罗斯布里亚特等地都有此习俗。

哈达是藏族服饰中最重要的一种装饰品，也是西藏最常见的一种礼仪用品，主要功能在于表达祈福、尊敬、友谊、真诚。

哈达的质地、规格、颜色、长短有所不同，织造哈达的用料，以往多为生丝或麻，近些年来用人造纤维织造的渐多。哈达的折叠方式，因档次、用项的不同，也有多种，蕴含不同意义。

藏族尚白，以白色象征圣洁、真挚、坦诚，所以常见的哈达多为白色。此外，还有以蓝、白、黄、绿、红五色分别织就的五彩哈达，各有寓意。白色是白云，蓝色表示蓝天，绿色是江河水，红色是空间护法神，黄色象征大地。五彩哈达是献给菩萨和近亲时做彩箭用的，是最珍贵的礼物。佛教教义解释五彩哈达是菩萨的服装。所以，五彩哈达只在特定的情况下才用的。

献哈达的动作因人而异，一般来说，要用双手捧哈达，高举与肩平，然后再平伸向前，弯腰给对方，这时，哈达正与头顶平，表示对对方尊敬和最大的祝福——吉祥如意。对方以恭敬的姿态用双手平接。对尊者、长辈献哈达时要双手举过头，身体略向前倾，将哈达捧到座前或足下；对平辈或下属，则可以系在他们的颈上。献哈达在西藏十分普遍，甚至人们互相通信时，也在信封内附上一条小哈达，以示祝福和问候。特别有趣的是，藏民出门时也随身带上几条哈达，以备在途中遇到久别的亲戚、朋友时使用。哈达在不同情况下代表着不同的意义。佳节之日，人们互献哈达，表示祝贺行日愉快，生活幸福；婚礼上呈献哈达，意味着祝愿新婚夫妇恩爱如山、白头偕老；迎宾时奉献哈达，表示一片虔诚、祈祷菩萨保佑；葬礼上献哈达，是表示对死者哀悼和对死者家属的安慰。据说，藏民进了寺庙大门，先献一条哈达，然后参拜佛像，到各殿参观随坐，离别时，还在自己坐过的座位后边放一条哈达，表示人虽离去，但我的心还留在这里。

如今，藏服样式风格也随着时代的发展而不断改良，在保留色彩风格和图案的同时，结合现代审美，面料选用更为丰富，样式更为简约。

改良后的藏服甚至走上了国际时装舞台秀，代表着藏族服饰逐步走向国际，向世界展现出西藏服饰文化的独特魅力。

藏服是藏民族文化和生活的缩影，浓缩了藏族几千年传统文化精髓，一针一线都蕴含着祖辈的勤劳和智慧，值得我们每一个人去尊重和欣赏。

　　阿古登巴即兴唱起了一首《献上我的哈达》：

 

我用双手捧起哈达，

将哈达高举与肩平，

再将哈达平伸向前，

我弯腰将哈达献你，

送上我最大的祝福。

 

祝福长辈吉祥如意，

祝福亲友健康快乐，

祝福尊者万寿无疆，

祝福神灵护佑众生，

祝福祖国繁荣昌盛。

 

我献上美丽的哈达，

哈达代表蓝天白云，

哈达代表绿色江河，

哈达代表黄色大地，

哈达代表红色护法。

 

我献上圣洁的哈达，

那是喜玛拉雅雪莲，

那是雪域的格桑花，

让我们回味酥油茶，

让我们同饮青稞酒。

 

哈达是我纯净的心，

我把它献给天地神，

献给我奔驰的骏马，

献给我飞翔的雄鹰，

献给我心中的期望。

Uncovering the mystery of Tibetan medicine

 

Uncovering the mystery of Tibetan medicine

 

When the wise man Agudengba and the caravan leader Lacuo chatted about the characteristics of Tibetan diet, they also talked about the knowledge of Tibetan medicine and health preservation.

Agudemba said:

As we all know, diet is of great significance as the source of nutrients that nourish the human body. According to Xueyu Tibetan medicine, which advocates "diet therapy", the body maintains normal physiological functions and prolongs its vitality through natural processes such as food digestion, absorption, circulation and metabolism. Only through a reasonable diet can adequate nutrition be absorbed. , enhance the body's resistance. Therefore, mastering scientific and reasonable dietary methods is the first factor in maintaining health and longevity.

The dietary knowledge of Tibetan medicine is actually very profound but practical. The "Four Medical Classics" is the handed down classic of Tibetan medicine and is known as the Encyclopedia of Tibetan Medicine. This book is a collection of ancient Tibetan medicine, rich in content and complete in theory, especially in anatomy and physiology. The book is divided into four parts: the basic part, the explanatory part, the secret part, and the follow-up part, with a total of 156 chapters.

Previously, many people had little understanding of Tibetan medicine, and some false advertisements in society affected the spread of Tibetan medicine. In fact, Tibetan medicine, together with traditional Chinese medicine, ancient Indian medicine and ancient Arabic medicine, is known as the "four major traditional medicines in the world" and is still spread and used in many countries and regions around the world today. Tibetan medicine has gradually unveiled its "mysterious veil".

Tibetan medicinal baths, listed as world intangible cultural heritage, have completely entered the public eye. So what kind of "black technology" is Tibetan medicinal baths?

Tibetan medicinal bath, also known as "Five-flavored Nectar Soup", was first recorded in the masterpiece "Four Medical Classics" of Tibetan medicine and has a history of more than 1,300 years. It is said that Princess Wencheng also insisted on using "Tibetan medicine five-flavored nectar soup" to maintain health after entering Tibet. Tibetan medicinal baths are not only a way to cure diseases, but also a way to prevent them.

Tibetan medicinal bathing is a method that the Tibetan people use by bathing in natural hot springs or boiling medicine, guided by the "five sources" view of life of earth, water, fire, wind and space and the "three causes" view of health and disease of Long, Chiba and Bacon. Water juice or steam, regulates the balance of body and mind, and realizes the traditional knowledge and practice of life health and disease prevention.

Tibetan medicine baths mainly include water bath, compress bath and steam bath. Medicinal water bath is the most common and commonly used method. It uses five Tibetan herbal medicines: juniper leaves, yellow-flowered azalea leaves, water cypress branches, alpine ephedra, and "Kamba" as the main medicine, added with water, and then boiled for patients to soak and bathe. It has the functions of loosening meridians, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis.

Tibetan medicine bathing method is widely spread in Tibetan areas such as Tibet, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan and other places, and plays an important role in protecting the life and health of the Tibetan people and preventing and curing diseases. This heritage project carries Tibetan traditional knowledge of astronomy and calendar, natural history, ritual beliefs, behavioral norms, daily life and food, etc. It also promotes dialogue between different ethnic groups on life, health and respect for nature, and reflects the international community's commitment to the protection of traditional knowledge and practices. Pay attention to intangible cultural heritage. It not only provides a continuous sense of identity for the Tibetan people, but also enriches human health knowledge and practice. It is a testimony to the world's cultural diversity and human creativity.

After reading the "Four Medical Classics" and studying Tibetan medicine theory, we can understand that we pay attention to the natural operation and long-term stability of normal digestion and absorption functions, and believe that the causes and treatments of diseases are directly related to diet. A suitable diet can keep the human body in good order, facilitate the smooth excretion of urine, feces, and sweat. At the same time, it can increase yang energy and allow the heart and other organs to function normally, making the body light and refreshing and appetizing. , sharp ears and eyes, enhanced physical fitness, thereby prolonging life; if the diet is unreasonable, it will cause various diseases.

In the Tibetan medical theory with the theory of three causes and five sources as the core, treatment methods are divided into four categories: diet therapy, behavioral therapy, drug therapy and external therapy. Among them, dietary therapy ranks first among the four major therapies. It is a method that advocates people to conduct syndrome differentiation and eat reasonably according to their personal constitution, digestive ability, disease, age, residence, dietary taboos and other aspects in life, so as to achieve long life and long life for those without disease. Methods by which the sick can be treated.

Controlling food intake is a big question.

According to the "Four Medical Classics·Continuation": "If you eat too little, your physical strength will be weak and your energy will not be able to metabolize. Dragon evil will arise, and diseases will easily occur; eating too much will cause excessive gastric mucus, obstruction and complications. The meridians in which the fire dragon moves lead to the weakening of stomach fire, indigestion, and the occurrence of pathogenic factors.”

Tibetan medicine believes that if you eat too little in daily life, you will not be able to increase your physical strength, your appearance will decline, and you will easily develop dragon disease. If you eat too much, it will lead to indigestion and increased gastric acid, which will lead to the decline of stomach fire and digestive system disorders. It is easy to produce various diseases such as increased phlegm and saliva, colds, hoarseness, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to strictly control the amount of food to protect the whole body. digestive system and avoid the occurrence of many internal diseases.

In the diet, the amount of food needs to be controlled according to the nature of the food: if the food is light and easy to digest, you can drink it to your heart's content, such as vegetables; if the food is heavy and difficult to digest, in order to digest it smoothly, just drink it. Can be half full, such as meat, soy products, etc.

Drinking adequate amounts of water is also important.

"Four Medical Classics" says: "If you are good at enjoying food, you will have the effect of keeping healthy and prolonging your life; if you eat too much, not enough, or the opposite, you will definitely develop diseases and endanger your life."

Tibetan medicine believes that maintaining an appropriate amount of drinking water is the main factor in ensuring good health. Depending on the type of drink and the drinking time, different health effects can be achieved. For example, often drinking an appropriate amount of water before meals can reduce the weight of the body, which is suitable for obese people to lose weight; often drinking an appropriate amount of water after meals can make the body energetic, enhance the appearance, strengthen the body and limbs, help digestion, increase physical strength and increase weight wait. At the same time, for patients with indigestion and abdominal distension, they can drink an appropriate amount of hot soup with their meals. People who are thin and want to gain weight can drink an appropriate amount of alcohol after meals; while people who want to lose weight can not only control their food intake, but also drink honey water after meals.

There are also taboos in food combinations in daily diet.”

"Four Medical Classics·Continuation": "Unfermented cheese is against new wine, fish is against milk, milk is against fruits, fish is against eggs, pea leaves, red sugar and cheese are against each other, dove meat is against cheese, and eating the same amount of honey is against Canola oil contradicts that.”

Tibetan medicine pays great attention to the proportion of food in daily diet. It places special emphasis on the reasonable combination of food properties and tastes when eating. It is believed that improper combination of food properties and tastes will not only fail to maintain health and cure diseases, but will also produce toxins and Disturbance of the three causes causes various diseases. For example, it is recorded in the famous Tibetan medical book "Blue Glass": Eating grilled onions and honey together can lead to death; Eating leeks and green mutton together can cause tumors; Eating yak meat and horse meat together can cause itching all over the body; Eating yak meat and pork together can cause bacterial growth in the stomach. ; Eating egg whites and garlic can cause respiratory discomfort; Eating chicken and rabbit meat together can cause mild diarrhea; Eating mushrooms fried in mustard oil can harm the body; Frequent consumption of sugars and fruits can weaken the digestive capacity of the stomach; Animal viscera and blood It is not easy to digest; it is taboo to eat milk with fish, fruits, etc.; it is taboo to eat radish with brown sugar, cheese, duck meat, etc.

Agudengbahe said to Lacuo:

The dietary taboos of Tibetan medicine are as follows:

Fish: milk, honey, eggs

Honey: fish, sesame oil, mustard oil, green onions

Dairy: walnuts, fruits, acidic foods, broad beans

Mushrooms: canola oil, almonds

Agudengba also said that to maintain good health, one must also pay attention to the state of mind. He casually sang a "Song of Eliminating Qi":

 

Don't be angry, calm down.

Who will take care of me when I am sick?

Desire and all diseases arise from Qi,

I advise you to calm down when things happen.

 

Let go of resentment when things don't go your way.

Life is all about leisure.

There is annoyance and dryness in the heart,

Relieve anger when you are wronged.

Discourage yourself when you encounter setbacks,

Being trapped in poverty will dissipate your anger.

Damaged honor eliminates liver qi,

Fame and fortune are not destined to dispel doubts.

When you are melancholy, you will lose your spirit,

When you are proud, don’t forget to let go of your arrogance,

Feeling depressed and unhappy, dissipating anger,

Don't be stingy when others come to you.

Eliminate arrogance in front of results,

Sigh at the great hardship.

 

It is difficult for all living beings to fulfill their personal ambitions.

How can you be angry everywhere?

When you are angry, you calm yourself down.

Don't be angry, never be angry.

Maintaining health and accumulating vitality,

Good physical and mental health is a blessing.

揭开藏医学神秘面纱（雪域寓言）

 

揭开藏医学神秘面纱

 

智者阿古登巴和马帮领队拉措闲聊起藏族饮食特点时，也谈到了藏医养生学问。

阿古登巴说：

众所周知，饮食作为滋养人体的营养之源，有着重要意义。在崇尚着“饮食疗法”的雪域藏医看来，机体是通过食物的消化、吸收、循环代谢等自然程序来维持正常的生理功能和延长其生命力的，只有通过合理的饮食，才能摄取足够的营养，增强机体抵抗能力。因此，掌握科学合理的饮食方法，是养生长寿的第一因素。

藏医的饮食学问其实很深奥但又实用。《四部医典》是藏医学的传世经典，被誉为藏医药百科全书。该书集古代藏医学之大成，内容丰富，理论完整，特别是在解剖、生理学方面成就巨大。全书分为根本部、论说部、秘诀部、后续部等四大部分，共 156 章

此前，很多人对藏医药的了解太少，社会上的一些虚假广告宣传，更是影响了藏医药的传播。事实上，藏医学与中医学、古印度医学以及古阿拉伯医学一起，并称为“世界四大传统医学”，全世界很多国家和地区今天仍在传播和使用它。藏医学也逐渐揭开了它的“神秘面纱”。

列入世界非物质文化遗产的藏药浴，已彻底走入大众的视野，那究竟藏药浴是一种什么样的“黑科技”呢？

藏药浴，又称“五味甘露汤”,最早记载于藏医巨著《四部医典》中距今已有一千三百余年历史。传说文成公主进藏后也坚持用“藏药五味甘露汤”来养生保健。藏药浴不仅是治病方法，还是预防疾病的方法。

藏药浴是藏族人民以土、水、火、风、空“五源”生命观和隆、赤巴、培根“三因”健康观及疾病观为指导，通过沐浴天然温泉或药物煮熬的水汁或蒸汽，调节身心平衡，实现生命健康和疾病防治的传统知识和实践。

藏医药浴主要有水浴、敷浴、汽浴三种方式。药水浴是最普遍、最常用的，是把圆柏叶、黄花杜鹃叶、水柏枝、高山麻黄、“坎巴”五种藏草药作为主药加水熬煮后，供患者浸泡洗浴，起到疏松通络、活血化瘀等功效。

藏医药浴法广泛流布于西藏、青海、四川、甘肃、云南等地的藏区，为保障藏族民众的生命健康和防治疾病发挥着重要作用。该遗产项目承载着藏族天文历算、自然博物、仪式信仰、行为规范、起居饮馔等传统知识，也促进不同民族关于生命健康和尊重自然的对话，体现出国际社会对保护传统知识与实践类非物质文化遗产的重视。既为藏族人民提供了持续的认同感，又丰富着人类的健康知识与实践，是世界文化多样性和人类创造力的见证。

读懂《四部医典》，通过藏医理论研究，可以了解到注重正常的消化、吸收功能的自然运行和长期稳定，认为疾病的诱因和治疗都与饮食有直接的关联。适宜的饮食能促使人体龙、赤巴、培根秩序井然，使大小便、汗三种排泄物顺利排泄，同时令阳气增盛，心脏等脏器的功能正常运作，使身体轻爽，开胃进食，耳目聪锐，体质增强，从而起到延年益寿的作用；若饮食不合理，则会引起各种疾病。

在以三因五源学说为核心的藏医理论中，将治疗法分为饮食疗法、行为起居疗法、药物疗法及外治疗法四大类。其中，食疗居于这四大疗法之首，是一种提倡人们在生活当中根据个人的体质、消化能力、疾病、年龄、住处、饮食禁忌等多方面进行辨证而合理饮食，达到无病者长寿、患病者得以治疗的方法。

控制食量是个大学问。

据《四部医典·续》所说：“食之过少，则体力消弱和精光不能化生，龙邪随之而生，疾病容易发生；食之过量将引起胃粘液过盛，阻塞伴火龙运行之脉道，导致胃火衰弱，消化不良，病原皆发。”　

藏医认为，在日常生活中若进食太少，则不能增长体力，容颜衰败，易产生龙病。若进食过量，导致消化不良，胃酸增多，使得胃火衰败，消化系统紊乱，容易产生痰涎增多、感冒、声哑等疾病产生各种疾病，故需要严格控制好饮食的量，从而保护全身的消化系统并避免诸多内科疾病的发生。

在饮食中，需按食物的性质来决定控制饮食的量：如性能较轻，易消化的就可以饱饮，像蔬菜类；如性能较重，不易消化的食物，为了能顺利消化，就只能半饱，像肉类、豆制品等。

适量饮水同样很重要。

《四部医典》说：“善于享用饮食，则有健身益寿之功；随意乱食太过、不及或相反，则必发生疾病而危及生命。”

藏医认为，保持适量的饮水是保证健康的主要因素。而根据饮品的品种和饮水时间的不同，可起到不同的保健效果。如经常在饭前适量饮水能使机体重量减轻，适用于肥胖者减肥；经常在饭后适量饮水，能使机体活力充沛，容颜增盛，身体结实，肢体坚固，帮助消化，增长体力和增加体重等。与此同时，对于有消化不良、腹胀的患者，可在饭中适量喝点热汤。身体瘦弱想增加体重的人群，可于饭后适量饮用酒水；而想要减肥的人群，除了控制食量外，还可在饭后饮用蜂蜜水。

日常饮食的食物搭配也有禁忌》。

《四部医典·续》：“未发酵奶酪反新酒，鱼肉反奶乳，乳类反水果，鱼肉反鸡蛋，豌豆叶、红块糖、奶酪三相悖，鸠肉反奶酪，食用等量蜂蜜与菜籽油相悖。”

在日常饮食的食物配比方面，藏医有着诸多讲究，在进食时特别强调食物性、味等的合理搭配，认为食物性味搭配不当，不但起不到养生和治病作用，还会产生毒素及导致三因紊乱引起各种疾病。如藏医名著《蓝琉璃》中记载：烤葱和蜂蜜共食可丧命；韭菜与青羊肉共食引发肿瘤；牦牛肉和马肉共食引起全身瘙痒；牦牛肉和猪肉共食则胃内细菌繁殖；蛋清和大蒜食用致呼吸不适；鸡肉与兔肉共食致微微下泻；食用芥子油里炒的蘑菇可伤身；糖类和水果等经常食用可导致胃的消化能力减弱；动物的内脏和血等不易消化；乳类与鱼肉、水果、等禁忌共食；萝卜和红糖、乳酪和鸭子肉等禁忌共食。

阿古登巴和对拉措说：

藏医饮食搭配禁忌如下：

鱼肉：牛奶、蜂蜜、鸡蛋

蜂蜜：鱼肉、芝麻油、芥子油、葱

乳类：核桃、水果、酸性食物、蚕豆

蘑菇：菜籽油、杏仁

阿古登巴又说，养生还得重视心态，他随口唱起了一首《消气歌》：

 

莫生气，要消气，

气下病来谁来替，

欲望百病生于气，

劝君遇事多消气。

 

事不顺心消怨气，

生活锁事消闲气。

心有懊恼消燥气，

遭到冤屈消怄气。

碰到受挫消泄气，

困顿潦倒消蛮气。

荣誉受损消肝气，

名利无缘消疑气。

惆怅之时消丧气，

得意莫忘消狂气，

郁怨不舒消火气，

待人来事消小气。

成绩眼前消傲气，

天大艰苦消叹气。

 

众生难尽个人志，

岂能到处都生气。

本身生气自消气，

不气不气永不气。

养生保健蓄元气，

身心康健是福分。