Wake up（262）

 

262

 

In many respects, Shen Zhirui and Hong Wenxuan have a common cognition. The two professors chatted in this small cafe in Hong Kong, and there was always endless talk and topics. They chatted about the past struggles of the CCP in the ideological field.

Hong Wenxuan said: Mao Zedong used to criticize the film "The Legend of Wu Xun", the idealism of Hu Shi's school, and the "Hu Feng counter-revolutionary group", etc., but only criticized the so-called non-proletarian thoughts in the field of ideological culture, but in the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China In fact, to elevate certain tendencies shown in a novel to the point that the creator and publisher use the novel to oppose the party and to overthrow a regime to create public opinion, the top leaders of the CCP can no longer not attach great importance to it.

In March 1963, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued an instruction to stop all ghost shows. In May, "Wen Wei Po" published an article "Theory of "Ghosts and Harmless"" criticizing Meng Chao's Kunqu opera "Li Huiniang" and Liao Mosha's article "Theory of Ghosts and Harmless", thinking that Meng Chao's Kunqu opera "Li Huiniang" and Liao Mosha's The appearance of his article "The Theory of Ghosts and Harmless" is an important manifestation of class struggle in ideological leadership.

On September 27, 1963, Mao Zedong severely criticized: "The literary and art departments, operas, and movies must also focus on the problem of innovation. The stage is full of emperors, generals, family members, and maids. The content has changed, and the form must also change. Such as water sleeves, etc. Introduce the old and bring forth the new, what will come out? Feudalism? Socialism? The old form must produce new content. If you follow this way, you won’t read it after thirty years. The superstructure must always adapt to the economic base. They are monsters and ghosts. I heard that there have been some improvements recently. In terms of culture, especially drama, there are a lot of feudal and backward things, and there are few socialist things. On the stage, they are nothing more than emperors, generals, talented scholars and beautiful women. The Ministry of Culture is in charge of culture, so we should pay attention to this aspect If there are any problems, we should check them and make serious corrections.” Mao Zedong also clearly pointed out in his instructions: “If the Ministry of Culture does not change, it will be renamed the Ministry of Emperors, Generals and Ministers, the Ministry of Talented Scholars and Beautiful Women, or the Ministry of Foreign Dead People.”

At the Central Working Conference on September 28, Mao Zedong pointed out that anti-revisionism should also include ideological issues. Literature, art, drama, and film must all be grasped.

On December 12, 1963, Mao Zedong issued another instruction: "All kinds of art forms - drama, folk art, music, fine arts, dance, film, poetry and literature, etc., have many problems and a large number of people. Bureaucratic transformation is in many departments. , so far has had little effect. Many departments are ruled by the dead. The achievements of film, new poetry, folk songs, fine arts, and novels cannot be underestimated, but there are also many problems. As for other departments, the problem is even greater. The socio-economic base has changed Well, the art department, one of the superstructures that serve this base, is still a big problem. It needs to start with investigation and research, and get it right. Many Communists are enthusiastic about advocating feudalism and capitalist art, but they are not enthusiastic about advocating socialism. Wouldn't it be a strange thing to see the art of communism?"

Hong Wenxuan said to Shen Zhirui: The book "Mao Zedong and the Cultural Revolution" written by Chen Huanren is very thorough.

On January 3, 1964, in order to implement Mao Zedong’s instructions, Deng Xiaoping, general secretary of the CPC Central Committee, presided over a symposium on literature and art. Liu Shaoqi, vice chairman of the CPC Central Committee, and Peng Zhen, member of the Political Bureau and Secretary of the Secretariat, conveyed Mao Zedong’s instructions at the meeting. The National Federation of Literary and Art Circles It started rectification with its affiliated associations in March, studied Mao Zedong's instructions, checked the problems existing in the cultural and art circles, and researched and put forward suggestions for improvement.

Mao Zedong was very dissatisfied with the "Report of the Central Propaganda Department on the rectification of the All-China Federation of Literary and Art Circles and its affiliated associations." On June 27, 1964, he wrote in the report of the Central Propaganda Department: "These associations and most of the publications they hold ( It is said that there are a few good ones), in the past fifteen years, basically (not everyone) did not implement the party's policies, became officials and lords, did not get close to workers, peasants and soldiers, and did not reflect the socialist revolution and construction. , It fell to the verge of revisionism. If it is not seriously reformed, it is bound to become a group like the Hungarian Petofi Club one day in the future."

On July 11, 1964, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the above-mentioned instructions of Mao Zedong as a document. The Central Committee established a five-member group for the Central Cultural Revolution composed of Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi, Kang Sheng, Zhou Yang, and Wu Lengxi. From July to November The second rectification was carried out in various associations in the literary and art circles and literary and art units directly under cultural issues. People are at risk. This kind of political criticism soon expanded from the world of literature and art to fields such as philosophy, economics, history, and education. Yang Xianzhen, vice president of the Central Party School, put two into one, Sun Yefang, an economist, said "Production Price Theory" and "Enterprise Profit View," Feng Ding, vice president of Peking University and professor of philosophy, wrote "Ordinary Truth," Peking University History Professor Jian Bozan's "historicism" and "concession policy", etc., and historian Hou Wailu's view of history have all been criticized successively by politics. From these political criticisms, Mao Zedong also discovered a group of cultural leaders such as Guan Feng, Qi Benyu, and Yao Wenyuan. The revolutionary "ultra-left".

In the second half of 1964, Mao Zedong continued to issue instructions on the problems existing on the ideological and cultural front. In August, Mao Zedong issued an instruction in the "Report of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee on the Public Screening and Criticism of the Films "Northern Country Jiangnan" and "Early Spring and February"": "Maybe not only these two films, but also others, all need to be criticized. Let these revisionist materials be made public.” On August 18, Mao Zedong spoke at the Beidaihe Conference: “People who engage in philosophy think that the first is philosophy, no, the first is class struggle.” “Only with class struggle can there be philosophy. It is useless to actually talk about epistemology." "Philosophers should go to the countryside, this winter and next spring, to participate in class struggle." "If you don't engage in class struggle, what kind of philosophy are you doing?" Liberal arts college students want to participate in the socialist education movement, and they must " Go down in stages and in batches to participate in the class struggle. Only in this way can you learn something and learn about revolution.” Mao Zedong supported Jiang Qing in making revolutionary modern dramas showing workers, peasants and soldiers, driving talented men and beautiful women off the socialist stage. On October 8, Mao Zedong watched Jiang Qing's revolutionary ballet "Red Detachment of Women" and said: "The direction is right, the revolution is successful, and the art is also good."

On December 21, 1965, Mao Zedong therefore proposed to Chen Boda, Hu Sheng, Tian Jiaying, Ai Siqi and others in Hangzhou to criticize the Peking opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" created by Wu Han. In April 1959, just before the Lushan Conference, Mao Zedong called on leading cadres at all levels to learn from Hai Rui’s spirit of “speaking out and admonishing” at the work conference held by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, and proposed to find some historians to study Hai Rui’s Rui. Wu Han, deputy mayor of Beijing and a historian, responded to Mao Zedong's call and published articles on Hai Rui, such as "Hai Rui Curses the Emperor" and "On Hai Rui". In 1961, Wu Han published a new historical Peking opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office". Mao Zedong watched the Peking opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" at that time, and did not say there was any problem. However, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and others contacted Mao Zedong at the Beidaihe Conference and the Tenth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China since August 1962. Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, and Chen Yun regarded the problems that existed during the recovery of the economy very seriously, and proposed to oppose The "dark wind" refers to Deng Zihui's support for rural production contracting to work groups and household contracting of production to oppose the "do-it-yourself style", and to rehabilitating those who wrongly criticized in the "Anti-Rightist Movement" after the 7,000-person Congress of the Communist Party of China, and Deng Xiaoping's handing over to Peng Dehuai The 80,000-character letter to Mao Zedong, requesting the central government to re-examine his history, proposed to oppose the "reversal style", and repeatedly proposed to Mao Zedong that Wu Han's new historical Peking opera "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" was aimed at the Lushan Conference and Mao Zedong's above-mentioned criticisms of. Therefore, Mao Zedong proposed to criticize "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office". At the beginning of 1965, Jiang Qing went to Shanghai to plan together with Zhang Chunqiao. Yao Wenyuan wrote an article criticizing "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office", linking Wu Han's "retirement of land and redress of unjust prison" in the play with Mao Zedong's criticism of "doing it alone" and "reversing the case". When I got up, I thought "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office" was a big poisonous weed. The Secretariat of the Central Committee and Peng Zhen did not allow Beijing newspapers to reprint Yao Wenyuan's far-fetched political criticism article. Mao Zedong was very angry because he listened to the slander of Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng and others.

Mao Zedong’s above-mentioned speech in Hangzhou seemed to be aimed at the historian Wu Han, but in fact it was to vent his extreme dissatisfaction with Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen and other senior CCP leaders for obstructing political criticism of "Hai Rui Dismissed from Office". Revisionism must be eliminated through the Cultural Revolution.

Shen Zhirui said to Hong Wenxuan: You are right. Now when it comes to going to the countryside, the general research scholars only think that it was to solve the employment problem of students at that time, and some scholars rose to solve the economic problem at that time. Few have linked the movement's rise to an ideological class struggle.

Wang Ruoshui, deputy editor-in-chief of "People's Daily", said in his article "My View on Marxism": "Mao Zedong believed that Chinese intellectuals were all influenced by the bourgeois world outlook, so they all needed to be reformed. Going to the countryside is to let the peasants transform them. Many intellectuals in China were influenced by Marxism, but before 1949 they did receive "bourgeois education", that is, democracy, freedom, equality and other things. This is Mao Zedong didn't like it, but it was a progressive idea, much more progressive than the imperial thoughts in Mao Zedong's mind, and much more progressive than the feudal and small-scale production ideas of peasants. I'm not saying that intellectuals have no shortcomings, but that intellectuals To belittle it as a group or class, to discriminate against it as a 'stinky old nine' is absurd."

Hong Wenxuan said to Shen Zhirui: If you understand Lao Mao's imperial thoughts, you can also understand why he punished intellectuals. He drove those students to the countryside and called them "educated youths", not praising them as intellectuals. The "knowledge generation" regards them as "little old nine", who must go to the vast world to receive re-education from the poor and lower-middle peasants, political brainwashing, and rebirth.

Shen Zhirui sighed:

According to Chinese official media Xinhua News Agency, Xi Jinping said at the recent Shanghai Cooperation Summit that we must be highly vigilant against external forces inciting a "new cold war" in the region and creating confrontation between camps, and resolutely oppose any country interfering in internal affairs and instigating "colourism" for any reason. revolution". At the China-Central Asia Summit in Xi’an in May this year, his visit to Russia in March, and last year’s Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit, he repeatedly mentioned the prevention of “color revolutions”; In Xi Jinping’s speech to the Party School in the spring of last year, published by the party media “Seeking Truth” on July 1, he even directly talked about the upheavals in Eastern Europe, the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, calling it a tragedy that “the motherland cannot bear to look back on.” His sense of crisis of the dead party is overwhelming.

In order to consolidate his imperial power, Lao Mao was most afraid of China's "peaceful evolution". Today, one of the most feared is China's "color revolution". Looking at history, we can see clearly that his restoration of the Cultural Revolution and his return to the mountains and villages are the continuation of the old Maoist emperor's thinking, and it is for the consolidation of the regime, and it is definitely not purely for the recovery of the economy and solving the employment problem.