Wake up（269）

 

269

 

The Chinese militia is a military organization that cannot be forgotten by the world. Strengthening the construction of the militia system and building an armed force system with Chinese characteristics that combines the regular army, the local army, and the militia is the only way for China. Mao Zedong's thinking and practice on the implementation of people's war, strengthening the construction of the militia system, and building an armed force system that combines the regular army, the local army, and the militia are an important part of Mao Zedong's military strategic thinking.

Hong Wenxuan stood on the deck of a cruise ship in Victoria Harbor and said to Shen Zhirui: Strengthening the construction of militia organizations and establishing and improving the militia system has always been an important task that Mao Zedong has always paid attention to. During the Agrarian Revolution, Mao Zedong vigorously established the armed forces of the masses to defend and consolidate the red regime. He led the Soviet governments at all levels in the Central Soviet Area to establish a military department, which was responsible for the construction and use of the people's armed forces. During the Anti-Japanese War, the self-defense army was the main organizational form of the militia, and the militia system was the anti-Japanese self-defense army system. Mao Zedong spoke highly of and affirmed the historical status and role of the militia and self-defense army system, pointing out that this is an excellent system for militarizing the entire people in the War of Resistance Against Japan. Supplemented by people's power.

In September 1949, the "Common Program of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference" stipulated that the People's Republic of China implements a militia system. In the early days of the founding of New China, compulsory military service, militia and reserve service systems were implemented. The Party Central Committee and Mao Zedong still regarded the militia system as an important basis for the construction of state power. In August 1954, the central government issued the "Instructions on the Work of the Militia", emphasizing that the militia system must be preserved and must not be abolished, and must be appropriately strengthened in the sense of consolidating rural security. It is wrong to abolish the militia or relax the leadership of the militia because of the compulsory military service system or the belief that the world is peaceful. In August 1964, Mao Zedong emphasized at the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee: "The local party committee must manage the military and the militia. It cannot just care about civil affairs and military affairs, and only care about money and guns." Under Mao Zedong's instructions, the militia system has become an important part of China's political power construction. content, and gradually established and improved the system of "dual leadership of the local party committee, government and military system over the work of the militia under the unified leadership of the party".

Hong Wenxuan said that as early as during the Agrarian Revolutionary War, the Chinese army practiced the combination of the Red Army, the local army, and the militia. Mao Zedong pointed out: "The existence of a formal Red Army of considerable strength is a necessary condition for the existence of a red regime." But "a guerrilla war with only the main force of the Red Army without the people is like a one-armed general." The militia, the local army "and the main force of the Red Army are each other's left and right hands." In the first anti-"encirclement and suppression" struggle, the revolutionary base areas generally established a regular Red Army, local army, workers' and peasants' riot teams, red guards, and combat reserve teams to cooperate with each other. , communications team, field propaganda team and other combat teams, and established a unified command organization with the militia as the main mass armed force, and initially formed a military strategic system combining the main Red Army and the militia under the conditions at that time. Mao Zedong said: Red Guards, Riot Squads, Spear Darts, Young Pioneers and other militia organizations "are a new armed force that makes all local tyrants and evil gentry tremble at the sight of it." From 1927 to 1937, the militiamen in more than a dozen Soviet areas across the country grew to more than 3 million people, ten times the main force of the Red Army at that time, and became an important revolutionary force that cooperated with and supported the Red Army's struggle at that time.

Mao Zedong pointed out: "In the case of extensive regular warfare and extensive guerrilla warfare at the same time, it is necessary to make the two cooperate appropriately." Among the guerrilla units, there are usually one or several guerrilla regiments (and sometimes regular regiments) as the main force, many small and large guerrilla units as auxiliary forces, as well as the broad masses of people's armed forces that do not separate themselves from production, so that "guerrilla warfare and Coordinated Operations in Regular Warfare". During the Anti-Japanese War, the militia, self-defense army, and youth anti-Japanese vanguard became important armed forces of the people. They cooperated with the regular army to fight and harass the Japanese army, and made contributions to the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. The militia and the self-defense army are the reserve force of the regular army and the main force of the support. They are large in number, widely distributed, and familiar with the local geography, climate, and environment, making it easy to carry out guerrilla warfare. In the battle, they fought for themselves, the village for themselves, and the township for themselves, and created various ingenious tactics such as sparrow warfare, mine warfare, raid warfare, bamboo nail warfare, and roundabout warfare. According to incomplete statistics, the militias, self-defense troops, and youth anti-Japanese vanguards in the anti-Japanese base areas behind the enemy have developed rapidly. By April 1945, there were 910,000 regular troops such as the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, 2.27 million militiamen, more than 10 million people's self-defense troops, and more than 10 million militiamen. The Self-Defense Forces participated in a total of 1.74 million person-times, fought 296,000 times, wiped out 106,000 enemies, and seized tens of thousands of various light and heavy weapons. This is really all the people fighting a people's war.

Shen Zhirui said: In my impression, during the War of Liberation, the liberated areas vigorously developed the local army and militia, actively expanded the field army, and formed an armed force system combining the field army, local army, guerrillas, and militia.

Hong Wenxuan said: You are right. In December 1945, when Mao Zedong deployed the work in the liberated areas in the following year, he instructed to step up production and training. He pointed out: "The field armies in the liberated areas have generally been formed, and there are also many local armies. At present, the expansion of troops should generally stop, and we should use the time between operations to focus on training. Regardless of This is true for field armies, local armies, and militias." "The method of military training should be to carry out mass training campaigns in which officers teach soldiers, soldiers teach officers, and soldiers teach soldiers." "Military militias in various places must be reorganized according to current conditions" and actively develop production. , Join the army and cooperate with the field army and local army to fight. In October 1946, Mao Zedong concluded: "Three months of experience have proved that wherever militias, guerrillas, armed work teams and other local armed forces are well organized, even though many points and lines are temporarily occupied by the enemy, we can still control a vast area. Rural areas. Where the local armed forces are weak and the leadership is not good, it will give the enemy great convenience.” He emphasized the need to strengthen the party’s leadership, “develop local armed forces, persist in guerrilla warfare, protect the interests of the masses, and crack down on reactionary activities” until liberation In the later period of the war, the militia grew to more than 5.5 million people and became an important strategic force to overthrow the reactionary Kuomintang government.

Shen Zhirui said: During the period of socialist revolution and construction, the construction of people's defense should be carried out, based on fighting the people's war. I remember that in the 1960s, Mao Zedong repeatedly emphasized that the people of the whole country must do a good job in ideological and political work and military strategic preparations for the war against aggression, and put forward the policy of "preparing for war and famine for the people", "digging deep holes, accumulating food widely, and not seeking hegemony". Under his guidance, the construction of people's defense gradually reached a climax, and the militia played an important role. At the same time, to meet the needs of industrial and agricultural production and construction, the militiamen transformed the terrain in large quantities, built ditches and canal networks, and constructed a people's defense system that combines combat and defense, peace and war, and military and civilian integration. A criss-cross modern defense transportation network supplemented by water transportation and pipeline transportation.

Hong Wenxuan said: In the autumn of 1950, the National Commendation Conference for Combat Heroes was held in Beijing, and 43 militiamen from all over the country were awarded honorable titles. By 1953, my country's militia had grown to more than 40 million people, accounting for about 8% of the rural population at that time. To resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, 1.47 million militiamen across the country joined the volunteer army, and 810,000 militiamen participated in the war to support the front, of which 210,000 militiamen joined the army to support the Korean army. In the previous border self-defense counterattacks, tens of thousands of militiamen bravely participated in the battle to support the front, cooperated with the People's Liberation Army to fight against all aggressors, defended socialist construction, consolidated national defense, and safeguarded my country's sovereignty and security. The militia has played a major role in the construction of socialism and the difficult struggle against foreign aggression and safeguarding sovereignty and security.

Hong Wenxuan said to Shen Zhirui: Do you still remember? In the 1950s and 1960s, facing the complicated situation at home and abroad, Mao Zedong proposed the strategy of "building a large militia division" and "three implementations" of militia work, in order to strengthen the modernization of the people's army and militia work, and maintain economic construction and social order , Consolidate the people's democratic dictatorship and the socialist system, providing basic follow-up and fundamental guidance.

Mao Zedong put forward the policy of "integration of peacetime and wartime, and military and civilian integration", which is to establish and improve a comprehensive defensive war mobilization system to escort socialist economic construction. At that time, the Soviet Union had millions of soldiers on the Sino-Mongolian and Sino-Soviet borders. Mao Zedong warned the whole party and the people of the whole country to be vigilant and defend the motherland. He pointed out: "If we do not try to completely change our country's economy and technology in the next few decades. The state is far behind the imperialist countries, and it is inevitable to be beaten." It is possible to avoid the war”, “but we should deploy our work based on the possibility of being beaten.” From 1953 to 1957, the country gradually established a pre-war mobilization system at all levels and departments. After 1964, this system embarked on a path of regular, orderly and healthy development.

In 1958, the United States created tension in the Taiwan Strait and threatened that the US Navy would land on the Chinese mainland. Mao Zedong proposed the strategy of "building a large militia division" to build an armed force system combining a modern army and a powerful militia to maintain and consolidate the people's democratic dictatorship. In response to changes in the situation, the "Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Militia Issue" stated: "Men and women citizens who can hold weapons must be armed throughout the country, and all citizens must be soldiers in the form of militia organizations." On September 30 of the same year, Mao Zedong Talking to a reporter from Xinhua News Agency, he pointed out: "The imperialists bully us so much, which needs to be dealt with seriously. Not only must we have a strong regular army, we also need to build a large militia division. In this way, when the imperialists invade our country, we will It will make it difficult for them to move forward." By the end of 1958, the national militia had reached 220 million people, more than 5,000 militia divisions, and more than 4,000 militia regiments. On the afternoon of May 3, 1960, when Mao Zedong met with trade union and women delegations from 14 countries and regions in Latin America and Africa in Jinan, he introduced the advantages and strength of our militia, saying: "The United States has money, guns, and The atomic bomb. They say we are poor, have no money, have few guns, and have no atomic bombs, so they bully us. But we have militias, and Cuba also has militias, which are more powerful than atomic bombs.”

What did the militias do during the Cultural Revolution?

On January 1, 1967, "People's Daily" and "Red Flag" magazines published an editorial entitled "Carrying the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution Through to the End" approved by Mao Zedong, announcing that "1967 will be a year of full-scale class struggle across the country." , Calling for "a general attack on a handful of people in power within the party who are taking the capitalist road and ghosts and monsters in society."

On January 4th, Jiang Qing, Kang Sheng, and Chen Boda met with Wuhan "Go to Guangzhou to arrest Wang Ren and rebuild the rebel corps" in Beijing. In their speech, they falsely accused Tao Zhu, member of the Politburo Standing Committee and executive secretary of the Central Secretariat, as "faithful implementation of the bourgeois reactionary line" ", "is the largest royalist in China". Tao Zhu was knocked down suddenly, was brutally persecuted, and died unjustly in Hefei, Anhui.

On January 5, Zhang Chunqiao said to the leaders of the Shanghai "General Department of Industry" and other "rebel" organizations: "The basic problem at present is to take back the leadership from the capitalist roaders, and hope that the revolutionary rebels can control key departments. On the 6th, under the planning and command of Zhang Chunqiao and Yao Wenyuan, the Shanghai "rebel faction" headed by Wang Hongwen organized the "Overthrow of the Municipal Party Committee Conference", usurped the party and government power in Shanghai, and sparked the so-called "January Revolution". storm. In this regard, Mao Zedong praised on the 8th: "This is a class overthrowing a class. This is a great revolution." "When the strength of the Shanghai revolution is strong, the whole country has hope. It must affect the entire East China and all provinces and cities across the country."

The biggest typhoon is category 12, but the slogan of the Wujin County Revolutionary Committee in Jiangsu is "Red Typhoon of Category 24". In May, more than 100 ready-made "ghosts and snake gods" at the county level were first hung up signs, held a meeting to criticize them, and paraded the streets of the city. In Fenghuang County, Hunan Province, all "landers, rich, counter-revolutionaries, bad actors, and rightists" and their children were gathered in designated places guarded by militiamen, and then searched house by house, calling it a "political search." The slogan in You County, Hunan Province is "Sweeping Political Garbage". In fact, under the auspices of Wang Hongwen, Shanghai began to "blow red typhoons" as early as 1967. There have been more than 30 occurrences, and the number of militiamen involved in each time ranged from a few thousand to tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands.

On July 22, 1967, Jiang Qing first put forward the reactionary slogan of "Cultural Attack, Military Defense" in his speech to the representatives of Henan "Erqi Commune". The next day, Shanghai's "Wen Wei Po" publicly published this slogan. On September 5, when Jiang Qing met with representatives from Anhui, he again talked about "attacking with words and defending with force". Since then, organizations such as the so-called "Cultural Attack and Military Defense Headquarters" have been established in various places. This is also a militia organization during the Cultural Revolution. Borrowing quotations from Mao Zedong and Marxist-Leninist works, these militiamen split the ideological system of Marxism-Leninism, propagandized "I am the only revolutionary", attacked the opposite masses and all opinions opposed to the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution; seized the guns and ammunition of the PLA, caused bloodshed, and caused Fighting intensified across the country, vandalism, looting, and looting were rampant, transportation was destroyed, and weapons, equipment, and military supplies of the People's Liberation Army were also robbed, resulting in a chaotic situation of "all-out civil war."

Hong Wenxuan told Shen Zhirui: During the National Day military parade in 1958, when the capital militia division passed Tiananmen Square, Mao Zedong said to Khrushchev who came to China to attend the National Day parade: We have more than 100 million militiamen. Khrushchev was shocked when he heard this.

Shen Zhirui said: The current situation in the Taiwan Strait seems very similar to the tense situation in the Taiwan Strait in 1958. The difference is that it was threatened everywhere that the U.S. Navy would land on the Chinese mainland. Today's meeting is that mainland China wants to attack Taiwan by force.

Hong Wenxuan said to Shen Zhirui: There is another difference, that is, Mao Zedong emphasized that all the people are soldiers, while Boss Xi emphasized the loyalty of the entire army.