Wake up（333）

 

333

 

If contemporary Chinese people can understand the "anti-liberalization" movement in Zhao Ziyang's era, then they will also be able to find out what the anti-Western forces in China are advocating. The outcome is the same.

Liu Xiaosheng said: The economic situation we are facing now has a lot to do with the economic structure. In fact, one only needs to look back at the economic reforms of the Zhao Ziyang era to find the answer.

Zhao Ziyang has the same humanitarian sympathy as Hu Yaobang, but he also has a Gorbachev-style understanding of the inhumanity of the communist system, which mainly comes from the tragic experience of his parents. Ge’s parents-in-law’s family was persecuted by the Soviet Communist Party, and Zhao Ziyang’s parents were persecuted during the CCP’s land reform in the late 1940s. Although this kind of awareness enlightenment soaked in the blood and tears of the family is cruel, it is precisely because of cruelty that it can penetrate into the bone marrow. It was this cruel enlightenment that became an important driving force for him to yearn for a modern democratic society, which made him end his political life as a tragic hero during the reform and opening up.

Liu Xiaosheng said: Zhao Ziyang's economic development goal is to promote the marketization and privatization of the economy.

According to Chen Yizi, one of Zhao Ziyang’s main think tanks, Zhao Ziyang’s main contributions to economic reform can be summarized as follows:

In 1979, "simplify administration, decentralize power, and loosen ties". Decentralization of land use rights and management autonomy of township enterprises in rural areas, and enterprise reform in cities: "expanding enterprise autonomy."

The 1982 "Tax Cut and Concession";

"Profits to Taxes" in 1984;

"Enterprise Contracting" in 1986;

The 1988 "Share System Experiment". Carry out "price reform" in the field of circulation, and gradually move from "dual-track price system" to "completely priced by the market".

Chen Yizi recalled: When Zhao Ziyang met with the famous American economist Friedman, he made it clear: "If the price is not formed in the market, the enterprise will not be competitive. I also want to let go of the price at once. No, because most state-owned enterprises are still only used to accepting orders and are not sensitive to market price signals. Therefore, I accept the suggestion of some young economists that the price reform adopts a "combination of lowering and lowering adjustments". If it doesn’t work, adjust it first until it is completely released.”

In Chen Yizi's view, Zhao Ziyang's main contribution to economic reform is that he ended the Mao-style public ownership and planned economy in terms of values, and laid the foundation for marketization and privatization in the practice of reform.

The main promoter of rural economic reforms was as early as the early 1960s when the Great Leap Forward caused the Great Famine. Zhao Ziyang’s agricultural policy in Guangdong was centered on “enabling farmers to have something to eat.” He allowed some “retirement of fields” in rural areas "Sideline" and "pig raising". Deng Xiaoping said at the time: "Comrade Ziyang has a good approach to agriculture. In the future, we can consider letting him come to the central government to take charge of the country's rural work and assist Comrade Deng Zihui." At the age of ten, he succeeded Tao Zhu as the first secretary of the Guangdong Provincial Party Committee.

At the beginning of the reform, Zhao Ziyang was in charge of Sichuan, which has the largest population in China, and increased Sichuan's grain output by 10 billion catties in 1977 and 1978. He was the first to respond to the central government's criticism of the "everything faction" represented by Hua Guofeng. He resolutely carried out rural reforms, successfully solved the problem of food for farmers, and became a local official with the same reputation as Wan Li, who was in charge of Anhui Province. The folk proverb "If you want to eat rice, you can find thousands of miles, if you want to eat grain, you can find Ziyang" is the best summary of Zhao Ziyang's political achievements.

Due to his outstanding achievements in solving the problem of food and clothing in rural areas, after he came to Beijing in 1982 as the vice premier and prime minister of the State Council, his greatest contribution to rural reform was to make the best use of the township enterprises and make the economic reform of China's rural areas shift from a purely agricultural management mode. The reform of the rural economy developed into a reform of the rural economic structure, opening the prelude to the development of township enterprises, enabling the majority of farmers to get rid of the fate of being crucified on the land for the first time, and gradually become migrant workers floating between urban and rural areas.

Zhao Ziyang pointed out when summarizing the tragic lessons of the Mao Zedong era: "Farmers were led to poverty by blind orders." Therefore, he attached great importance to the spontaneous experimentation of township enterprises in rural Zhejiang, established the "Wenzhou model" of township economy, and established a model for township enterprises. The development pointed out the direction of marketization and privatization; he also stimulated the initiative spirit and enthusiasm of Chinese farmers to get rich by setting up the top ten farmers entrepreneurs. Although, for a period of time after June Fourth, the "Wenzhou Model" was criticized as a typical example of "bourgeois liberalization" in the economic field, the subsequent economic reforms in China proved that marketization and privatization were the main features. The "Wenzhou model" just provided a successful example for the economic reform of the whole of China to move towards a free economy. At the same time, Zhao Ziyang has a relatively clear understanding of what he has done in rural reform. At the closing press conference of the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, when the American journalist Salisbury asked the question "If you want to eat food, find Ziyang", Zhao Ziyang's answer was: "My work in Sichuan has been legendary. Our There are still many problems.”

Liu Xiaosheng said: Zhao Ziyang is also the main promoter of urban economic reform.

During Zhao Ziyang's tenure as Premier of the State Council, he was the main designer, promoter and executor of the macro-decision-making of urban economic reform. Although, due to the influence of the June 4 massacre, the transformation of the economic system of mainland China from planning to market made some substantial progress only after 1992, but its overall concept and basic blueprint were established after Zhao Ziyang was prime minister and It was determined during the period of the General Secretary.

On May 13, 1981, before the start of the urban economic reform, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China officially issued Zhao Ziyang's comprehensive exposition on the development of the national economy. Zhao Ziyang began to appear in front of the whole country as the head of China's economic field. Moreover, no one can deny that during Zhao Ziyang's eight years as Premier, China's economic development has reached an unprecedented level, and it has also laid the foundation for China's sustained high economic growth.

Zhao Ziyang clearly stated in 1982: Economic reform is to change the "planned economy"! In 1984, Zhao Ziyang put forward for the first time at the top of the party that "China should develop a commodity economy, get out of the nest of the planned economy, and take the road of combining the planned economy with the market economy", which is the premise of determining the reform direction of the market economy. , Gradually realize the measures of decentralization of power, liberalization of prices, separation of party and government, and separation of government and enterprises.

At that time, in terms of enterprise reform, the contracting system, leasing system and shareholding system were successively released; on the basis of the opening-up policy, following the establishment of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, 14 coastal cities were approved to open to the outside world in 1984; first proposed in 1987 To join the idea of the global market is to join the international economic cycle.

Zhao Ziyang also put forward the initial idea of financial reform: the introduction of Western futures market and securities market, and Shenzhen began to experiment with the shareholding system in the late 1980s. At the beginning of the reform, these propositions were very bold and original, and were praised by veterans such as Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun.

On June 12, 1986, when Deng Xiaoping received guests from Yugoslavia, he pointed out: I am in charge of the overall situation of China's economic development, and Comrade Zhao Ziyang is focusing on the specific implementation. Comrade Ziyang is a mature economic doer.

Chen Yun, the party leader who has always claimed to know the economy best, also said in a speech at the Politburo meeting on October 24, 1987: "In terms of economy, Ziyang is better."

Mr. Bao Tong pointed out in the article "Nearing Ziyang from the End of the World": "After repeated mass movements and intra-party struggles aimed at 'strengthening the party's leadership', especially after the Cultural Revolution, the absolute leadership of the enterprise party committee in the enterprise is deeply rooted. Solid. Economic reform requires enterprises to establish a 'legal person system'. Many party secretaries are willing to maintain leadership power but are unwilling to assume legal responsibility. Ziyang suggested that the Politburo pass a resolution: the factory director, as the legal representative, is the central figure in enterprise activities."

At the 13th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, when Zhao Ziyang officially took office as General Secretary, it was established that the socialist commodity economy "should be the internal unity of planning and the market," and that "the state regulates the market and the market guides enterprises" has become a resource allocation mechanism covering the entire society. The state's intervention in the economy is mainly manifested in the regulation of macroeconomic policies, and everything else is left to the market and price regulation. Enterprise reform has also begun to generally implement a "legal person system" that separates administration from enterprise, that is, proceeds according to the principle of separation of ownership and management rights. After June 4th, the progress of the overall decision-making of economic reform was mainly due to the “establishment of a socialist market economy” proposed by the 15th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Substantial breakthrough of the Ziyang framework.

Liu Xiaosheng said to Lao Pantou: It must be pointed out that although China’s economy has maintained high growth after June 4th, the macroeconomic direction of economic reform has increasingly deviated from the direction of marketization and privatization determined by Zhao Ziyang’s era. That is, the reform of "democracy and the legal system" proposed in the Zhao Ziyang era has not been carried out simultaneously, but has been biased toward a lame economy dominated by privileges, resulting in China's economic reform not moving towards a real market economy and private economy, but toward a bureaucratic economy and privately owned by the rich and powerful.

Liu Xiaosheng said to Nan Yangsheng: You are studying group psychology. When you have the opportunity, you might as well study the Chinese groups in 1988. From the high-level groups, elite groups, and grassroots groups, you will definitely study research that many people have ignored. topic.