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When Pan Guangfu told Wu Qiankun, Chai Jianhua, and
He Jiafu about the Anti-Rightist Movement and the Cultural Revolution, he
expressed his views on the big voices in the history of the CCP. evaluate
Pan Guangfu said: Regarding the rectification and
anti-rightist movement, I read an article and was very inspired. The article
thinks that it needs to be analyzed in two stages and two types of objects.
The so-called two stages refer to the release stage
and the anti-rightist stage; two targets: one is the so-called
"right-wing" people in the democratic parties, and the other is the
democratic elite among the intellectuals. These two stages and the two objects
should be treated differently.
The article believes that "Speaking out and
letting go" is a people's democratic constitutional movement.
Examine and evaluate from the constitutional
standpoint of people's democracy, just as far as the masses help the party to
rectify and speak out, it should be said that it is a mass democratic movement
in which the people exercise the right to supervise the ruling party and the
right to freedom of speech, criticism and suggestions It is the dissatisfaction
accumulated among some people who have been wronged, discriminated against or
unfairly treated since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the
campaigns of land reform, suppression of counter-revolutionaries,
anti-rebellion, three-anti-five-anti, teachers’ ideological transformation,
criticism of Hu Feng, internal counter-revolutionaries in government agencies
and schools, etc. A big outbreak is also the first attempt to emancipate the
minds of people who have been oppressed by the supremacy of party power,
uniform public opinion, bureaucracy, and sectarianism for many years.
According to official statistics, from May 2 to May
12, more than 28,250 meetings of various types were held across the country,
and 372,345 opinions and suggestions were put forward to the Party Central
Committee, Party organizations at all levels, Party members and cadres.
Opinions are also getting to the point.
For example, Jiang Weihong, a student of the
Department of Architecture at Tsinghua University, wrote a letter to the
"Eighth National Congress" of the Party Central Committee on
September 16, 1956. He believed that "our party organization emphasizes
leadership, centralization, and planning, which is an outdated management
method in the military period." "things" hinder the people's
creative development. He called for the implementation of public-owned private
enterprises under the public ownership system, and the development of free
competition under the planned economic system; he advocated individual freedom
in the field of literature and art, and "raised the people's spontaneous
enthusiasm to the first place" in artistic works; Turn the unified
organization into a small unit that combines many people with similar
temperaments. In terms of personnel distribution, you can freely choose to
recommend yourself, and do not distribute them uniformly. He believes that the
present is a time of peace, and military institutions should not occupy a
superior position. On the issue of party building, the party is required to
"expand democracy" and "unity", and it is required to use
the method of self-report and public discussion to select party activists. It
is not difficult to judge now that these opinions of Jiang Weihong have hit on
the ills that have become increasingly apparent after the Chinese Communist
Party has transformed from a revolutionary party to a ruling party.
During the period of rectification in May and June
1957, Tsinghua students raised issues mainly aimed at the principles, policies
and work style of the school’s leaders, such as criticizing the adjustment of
faculties and departments after learning from the Soviet Union in 1952, which
made Tsinghua a purely engineering university, Demanding the implementation of
"combined schools of science and engineering"; dissatisfied with the
style of party cadres, posting big-character posters demanding the secretary of
the Youth League Committee; opposing the privileges enjoyed by leading cadres
of the party committee, and demanding the cancellation of their
"preferential treatment certificates",...etc. The political ones
include the "Shumin Society" and its series of big-character posters
"Shumin Daily", criticizing the campaign against
counter-revolutionaries among students and violating human rights. Some of them
said: "The Tsinghua Party Committee is looking for enemies in this way,
cruel, cruel, without human rights, There is no constitution, there is no
constant relationship, and the real sinners in the eradication of
counter-revolutionaries must be punished by law." His essay "Gods,
Ghosts, and People" said: "The reason why people worship gods (a metaphor
for the Communist Party) is because gods can bring people good luck. ...It is
understandable to be afraid of ghosts, but it is puzzling to be afraid of
gods!" Expressing "May: there will be no more 'gods' in the world,
and 'gods' will always be in the world. Lucky for the common people! Lucky for
the motherland!" Others The big-character posters called for
"returning power to the people" and overturning Hu Feng's
verdict;...etc. These remarks were considered outrageous at the time, but in
fact they were citizens' freedom of speech and reflected the democratic demands
of the people.
Wu Qiankun said: As far as I know, among the
professors, after repeated mobilization, most of the criticisms and suggestions
they put forward are related to the education policy and system, and the
relationship between the party and the masses.
Pan Guangfu said: Mr. Wu is right. As Chang Pei, a
professor of the Department of Radio and Television, said, there is a wall
between the party and the masses. Although it is not a wall of iron and steel,
it is a fence wall. The wall was built mainly because of party sectarianism,
dogmatism, and bureaucracy. Sectarianism manifests itself in trusting only
party members and distrusting non-party members.
Pan Guangfu continued: He Chengjun, a professor in
the Department of Physics, criticized the school leaders, saying that
"Chairman Mao's sun did not shine on Tsinghua University." As for the
political aspect, it mostly focuses on human rights violations during the
anti-revolutionary campaign. The teacher who was wrongly criticized by the
physics teaching and research group complained that during the
anti-revolutionary campaign, "the human rights were completely lost, the
drinking cups and cigarettes were all taken away, and they could not be treated
like human beings. I could only swallow my anger. I was about to commit suicide
by jumping off a building, but I thought it took a few seconds of courage to
die, but greater courage to live. I want to live to see if they represent the
truth.” They criticized the school’s party committee chair The eradication of
counter-revolutionaries violates the Constitution, and counter-revolutionary
cases should be referred to the courts. They also cited Article 81 of the 1954
Constitution, which stipulates: "The Supreme People's Procuratorate of the
People's Republic of China exercises procuratorial powers over the compliance
with the law by the various departments of the State Council, local state
organs at all levels, state organ staff, and citizens." Article 89 of the
Constitution It stipulates: "The personal freedom of the citizens of the
People's Republic of China is inviolable." Defend yourself and others who
have suffered wrongs in the eradication of counter-revolutionaries. This shows
that teachers at that time had considerable constitutional awareness and human
rights concepts. The Party Central Committee and grass-roots cadres, in order
to engage in the so-called class struggle, disregarded the constitution that
has just been passed for three years.
Wu Qiankun added: Xu Zhangben, a professor in the
Department of Physics who has just returned from overseas, is ignorant of
China's "national conditions" and political situation. He mistakenly
believes that China has the same freedom of speech as the United States, and
boldly proposes that Marxism cannot be used as the guiding ideology of the
whole people. , To implement multi-party democracy, this kind of ideological
speech is regarded by "normal" people in China as treasonous, and
they were arrested as "counter-revolutionaries" at the beginning of
the anti-rightist movement and put in prison.
Pan Guangfu and Wu Qiankun talked endlessly about
the anti-rightist movement and the Cultural Revolution, full of resentment and
anger. But Chai Jianhua and He Jiafu were just silent. Their ordeal experience
only gave them a narrow scope of thinking, staying away from political
struggles, living a mediocre life, and being ordinary grassroots.
What the four old people didn't expect or notice
was that the young Nan Shanyun engraved their conversation in his heart.
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