Wake up（132）

 

132

 

When Pan Guangfu told Wu Qiankun, Chai Jianhua, and He Jiafu about the Anti-Rightist Movement and the Cultural Revolution, he expressed his views on the big voices in the history of the CCP. evaluate

Pan Guangfu said: Regarding the rectification and anti-rightist movement, I read an article and was very inspired. The article thinks that it needs to be analyzed in two stages and two types of objects.

The so-called two stages refer to the release stage and the anti-rightist stage; two targets: one is the so-called "right-wing" people in the democratic parties, and the other is the democratic elite among the intellectuals. These two stages and the two objects should be treated differently.

The article believes that "Speaking out and letting go" is a people's democratic constitutional movement.

Examine and evaluate from the constitutional standpoint of people's democracy, just as far as the masses help the party to rectify and speak out, it should be said that it is a mass democratic movement in which the people exercise the right to supervise the ruling party and the right to freedom of speech, criticism and suggestions It is the dissatisfaction accumulated among some people who have been wronged, discriminated against or unfairly treated since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in the campaigns of land reform, suppression of counter-revolutionaries, anti-rebellion, three-anti-five-anti, teachers’ ideological transformation, criticism of Hu Feng, internal counter-revolutionaries in government agencies and schools, etc. A big outbreak is also the first attempt to emancipate the minds of people who have been oppressed by the supremacy of party power, uniform public opinion, bureaucracy, and sectarianism for many years.

According to official statistics, from May 2 to May 12, more than 28,250 meetings of various types were held across the country, and 372,345 opinions and suggestions were put forward to the Party Central Committee, Party organizations at all levels, Party members and cadres. Opinions are also getting to the point.

For example, Jiang Weihong, a student of the Department of Architecture at Tsinghua University, wrote a letter to the "Eighth National Congress" of the Party Central Committee on September 16, 1956. He believed that "our party organization emphasizes leadership, centralization, and planning, which is an outdated management method in the military period." "things" hinder the people's creative development. He called for the implementation of public-owned private enterprises under the public ownership system, and the development of free competition under the planned economic system; he advocated individual freedom in the field of literature and art, and "raised the people's spontaneous enthusiasm to the first place" in artistic works; Turn the unified organization into a small unit that combines many people with similar temperaments. In terms of personnel distribution, you can freely choose to recommend yourself, and do not distribute them uniformly. He believes that the present is a time of peace, and military institutions should not occupy a superior position. On the issue of party building, the party is required to "expand democracy" and "unity", and it is required to use the method of self-report and public discussion to select party activists. It is not difficult to judge now that these opinions of Jiang Weihong have hit on the ills that have become increasingly apparent after the Chinese Communist Party has transformed from a revolutionary party to a ruling party.

During the period of rectification in May and June 1957, Tsinghua students raised issues mainly aimed at the principles, policies and work style of the school’s leaders, such as criticizing the adjustment of faculties and departments after learning from the Soviet Union in 1952, which made Tsinghua a purely engineering university, Demanding the implementation of "combined schools of science and engineering"; dissatisfied with the style of party cadres, posting big-character posters demanding the secretary of the Youth League Committee; opposing the privileges enjoyed by leading cadres of the party committee, and demanding the cancellation of their "preferential treatment certificates",...etc. The political ones include the "Shumin Society" and its series of big-character posters "Shumin Daily", criticizing the campaign against counter-revolutionaries among students and violating human rights. Some of them said: "The Tsinghua Party Committee is looking for enemies in this way, cruel, cruel, without human rights, There is no constitution, there is no constant relationship, and the real sinners in the eradication of counter-revolutionaries must be punished by law." His essay "Gods, Ghosts, and People" said: "The reason why people worship gods (a metaphor for the Communist Party) is because gods can bring people good luck. ...It is understandable to be afraid of ghosts, but it is puzzling to be afraid of gods!" Expressing "May: there will be no more 'gods' in the world, and 'gods' will always be in the world. Lucky for the common people! Lucky for the motherland!" Others The big-character posters called for "returning power to the people" and overturning Hu Feng's verdict;...etc. These remarks were considered outrageous at the time, but in fact they were citizens' freedom of speech and reflected the democratic demands of the people.

Wu Qiankun said: As far as I know, among the professors, after repeated mobilization, most of the criticisms and suggestions they put forward are related to the education policy and system, and the relationship between the party and the masses.

Pan Guangfu said: Mr. Wu is right. As Chang Pei, a professor of the Department of Radio and Television, said, there is a wall between the party and the masses. Although it is not a wall of iron and steel, it is a fence wall. The wall was built mainly because of party sectarianism, dogmatism, and bureaucracy. Sectarianism manifests itself in trusting only party members and distrusting non-party members.

Pan Guangfu continued: He Chengjun, a professor in the Department of Physics, criticized the school leaders, saying that "Chairman Mao's sun did not shine on Tsinghua University." As for the political aspect, it mostly focuses on human rights violations during the anti-revolutionary campaign. The teacher who was wrongly criticized by the physics teaching and research group complained that during the anti-revolutionary campaign, "the human rights were completely lost, the drinking cups and cigarettes were all taken away, and they could not be treated like human beings. I could only swallow my anger. I was about to commit suicide by jumping off a building, but I thought it took a few seconds of courage to die, but greater courage to live. I want to live to see if they represent the truth.” They criticized the school’s party committee chair The eradication of counter-revolutionaries violates the Constitution, and counter-revolutionary cases should be referred to the courts. They also cited Article 81 of the 1954 Constitution, which stipulates: "The Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China exercises procuratorial powers over the compliance with the law by the various departments of the State Council, local state organs at all levels, state organ staff, and citizens." Article 89 of the Constitution It stipulates: "The personal freedom of the citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable." Defend yourself and others who have suffered wrongs in the eradication of counter-revolutionaries. This shows that teachers at that time had considerable constitutional awareness and human rights concepts. The Party Central Committee and grass-roots cadres, in order to engage in the so-called class struggle, disregarded the constitution that has just been passed for three years.

Wu Qiankun added: Xu Zhangben, a professor in the Department of Physics who has just returned from overseas, is ignorant of China's "national conditions" and political situation. He mistakenly believes that China has the same freedom of speech as the United States, and boldly proposes that Marxism cannot be used as the guiding ideology of the whole people. , To implement multi-party democracy, this kind of ideological speech is regarded by "normal" people in China as treasonous, and they were arrested as "counter-revolutionaries" at the beginning of the anti-rightist movement and put in prison.

Pan Guangfu and Wu Qiankun talked endlessly about the anti-rightist movement and the Cultural Revolution, full of resentment and anger. But Chai Jianhua and He Jiafu were just silent. Their ordeal experience only gave them a narrow scope of thinking, staying away from political struggles, living a mediocre life, and being ordinary grassroots.

What the four old people didn't expect or notice was that the young Nan Shanyun engraved their conversation in his heart.