Wake up（126）

 

126

 

The small river in summer is beautiful. Chai Jianhua and Pan Guangfu stood by the river, with lush grass and colorful wild flowers everywhere in front of them. Occasionally, butterflies fly and dance gently. Chai Jianhua and Pan Guangfu came under the tree beside the small river, which was already full of elegant and beautiful lotus flowers of all sizes. The petals of the lotus are white and red, like a girl with rouge. Looking down along the lotus, I saw the big green lotus leaf at a glance. Which one of the lotus leaves is lying "lazily" on the crystal clear river, which looks very beautiful. At this time, Xiaohe became more and more charming. The small river flows slowly, and there is a green scene everywhere.

Chai Jianhua said to Pan Guangfu: "This small river is sometimes wide, sometimes narrow, sometimes slow, and sometimes urgent. The small river is the creation of nature. The road of life is also sometimes wide and sometimes narrow, and political movements are sometimes slow and sometimes urgent. But I don't understand. Why are the same people divided into left and right?"

Pan Guangfu said: The term "rightist" originally refers to a faction within or between parties relative to the "leftist", and generally belongs to groups with different political opinions within the party. In foreign countries, there are also those called hawks and doves, radicals and conservatives. Mao Zedong once said: "Except for deserts, wherever there are crowds, there are left, center, and right." In fact, the hostile camp can also be divided into left, center, and right.

Before the anti-rightist campaign in June 1957, Mao Zedong also talked about the rightist issue many times. At that time, he still treated it as a backward political and ideological faction among the people, or a "revisionist" ideological faction in the party as opposed to dogmatism. Even in his article "Things Are Changing" written on the eve of the anti-Rightist movement, he still regarded the criticism of "rightists with anti-communist sentiments" as "ideological weeding of poisonous weeds" and "unless someone 'seriously broke the law and discipline' They won’t be punished.” But in less than 20 days, the rightists were called “reactionaries.” After another month, it was further classified as an "anti-communist, anti-people, and anti-socialist bourgeois reactionary." The article "Wen Wei Po's Bourgeois Orientation Should Be Criticized" made it very clear.

When it comes to dealing with rightists, many people have become "extreme rightists", that is, counter-revolutionaries, and have been "discharged" to the frontier or thrown into prisons. At the beginning of 1958, in the stage of "handling the rightists", there was the so-called "push and push and it will pass; pull and pull and it will come." Is it not a child's play to "pull"? It can be seen that the hat of "rightist" can allow those in charge of it to come and go.

What's even more tragic is that from the perspective of the constitution and the democratic movement, left and right are exactly reversed. It is completely legitimate and legal for the people or individual citizens to demand democracy, oppose autocracy, demand innovation in politics, safeguard civil rights, realize freedom of speech, and criticize and supervise the ruling party and government. Even though the claims put forward by some democratic parties belong to the category of so-called "bourgeois democracy", compared to Mao Zedong's self-proclaimed "Marx plus Qin Shihuang" feudal despotism, compared to the suppression and violation of human rights and citizens' constitutional rights, the real The right should be the latter; and the "right" at that time should belong to the democrats, radicals, liberals, or the real left.

In this regard, before and at the initial stage of the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957, many people debated this. Some people insist that those who advocate democracy are "rightists"; some people think that they should belong to democrats and leftists. Later, in the Anti-Rightist Movement, some people were criticized for "stubbornly standing on the rightist position, and they can't even distinguish between left and right!"

Guo Daohui, a former editor-in-chief of the Tsinghua school magazine "New Tsinghua", recalled that in the decision to expel me from the party, he did not forget to add a crime to me: "I called myself a 'democrat' and a 'leftist' within the party committee, and slandered Comrades who adhere to the policy of the central government are 'rightists', 'have concerns', and 'are not modest'".

Luo Zhi’s main crimes in the Tsinghua Party Committee’s decision to draw him to the right are: one is “resolutely resisting the policy of exposing the rightists”, which means that when he was concurrently the editor-in-chief of the school magazine “New Tsinghua”, he resisted “overt conspiracy” and resisted publication of setting traps, Therefore, the report of the crime of intrusion believed that "doing so would violate the conscience of the Communist Party members"; second, "on the eve of the anti-rightist campaign, Jiang Nanxiang, together with five other deputy secretaries of the party committee, talked to him for nearly four hours, explaining that the Central Committee's However, he insisted on his own point of view and stubbornly stood in opposition to the party committee. In the early days of the anti-rightist campaign, he was emotionally conflicted.”

The anti-rightist front is aimed at two types of people: one is the democratic parties, especially the Democratic League; the other is the democratic elite among the intellectuals. When analyzing the timing and pertinence of Mao Zedong's "Yangmou", a slight distinction should be made between the two.

What does Mao Zedong's "Yangmou" mean? Chai Jianhua asked Pan Guangfu in confusion.

Pan Guangfu said:

Based on my historical facts and the relevant information I learned during my interviews, I believe that Mao Zedong had indeed planned to wipe out the so-called "right wing" of the NLD long ago. There are two facts to prove it:

1. According to the now open secret archives of the former Soviet Union, as early as November 30, 1947, Mao Zedong clearly stated in a telegram to Stalin: "In the period when the Chinese revolution has achieved complete victory, we must be like the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. , all political parties, except the CCP, should leave the political arena, and doing so will greatly strengthen the Chinese revolution". However, Stalin did not agree with Lao Mao’s opinion. In his reply on April 20, 1948, he said that the opposition political parties in China represent the middle class of Chinese residents and oppose the Kuomintang group, so they should exist for a long time. The Chinese Communist Party Will have to cooperate with them against the Chinese reactionaries and the imperialist powers while maintaining their leadership, i.e. maintaining their leadership. Some representatives of these parties may also be required to participate in the Chinese People's Democratic Government, which itself is declared a coalition government. Following Stalin's instructions, the Chinese Communist Party did this in the early days of liberation, but Mao Zedong never forgot to weaken the power and influence of the democratic parties.

2. Another thing that Guo Daohui personally experienced. That is, the 1951-52 Intellectuals Thought Reform Movement. Guo Daohui was still a graduate student at the time. He was a member of the Party Committee and Deputy Director of the Propaganda Department of Tsinghua University. Guo Daohui was in charge of educational affairs at that time, and he also invited Comrade Li Shu from the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to serve as an advisor to the Tsinghua Academic Committee. Guo Daohui often reported to him for instructions. At first, I studied social development history and other theories in a formal and peaceful way. I also invited Ai Siqi to "enter Tsinghua University three times" to give lectures to the teachers and students of the school, and was warmly welcomed. But when he criticized formal logic as "idealism", old professors such as Jin Yuelin from the philosophy department debated with him, saying, "Every sentence of your speech today is in line with formal logic!" The atmosphere was quite harmonious and democratic. However, on November 30, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Instructions on Carrying out Ideological Reform and Organizational Clean-up in Schools", and in May 1952 issued "Instructions on Carrying Out Criticizing Bourgeois Ideological Movements in Colleges and Universities and Preparing for Clean-up of Middle-Level Work". "Instructions", teachers' theoretical study is transformed into "thought remolding". All the professors who come from the old society, everyone "takes a bath", that is, conducts self-examination and cleans up old ideas. In Tsinghua University, this campaign was nominally presided over by the "Saving Inspection Committee" established during the Three Antis Movement (the person in charge of the administration is Professor Zhou Peiyuan, the former director of the academic committee), but in fact it was specifically led by the school party committee and the party branches of each department . Guo Daohui was sent to be in charge of contacting the Faculties of Arts, Law and Science. At that time, various departments mobilized and organized young teachers and senior students to "help" the professor "bath". Students abandoned the ancient motto of "respecting teachers and respecting morality" and launched severe mass criticism of teachers. Professors responded: "The bath water is boiling hot."

Most of the teachers were forced or semi-voluntarily to check and passed the test smoothly. But for Mr. Pan Guangdan, a professor in the Department of Sociology, he held back. He is Fei Xiaotong's teacher, he is engaged in sociology, he was a democrat before liberation, and he was politically progressive. But because he, Luo Longji and others are all Anglo-American, they are regarded as bourgeois, and they are regarded as alien forces. At that time Pan Guangdan was a member of the Central Standing Committee of the Democratic League and the chairman of the Tsinghua Democratic League branch. The focus of Tsinghua's "bathing" is Pan Guangdan, who is directly led and controlled by the United Front Work Department of the Municipal Party Committee. Mr. Pan made three self-examinations at the sociology department and the general meeting of the hospital, but he still couldn't pass the test. He was said to be an "iron-hearted ball", smooth on the outside and stubborn on the inside. At that time, Guo Daohui thought in his mind, why did he make him so prominent, and he was not allowed to pass the test three times? As for Feng Youlan, he once gave lectures to Chiang Kai-shek. He was said to be a "grand teacher" at that time. "Bar.

This special treatment of Professor Pan Guangdan is not the initiative of the Tsinghua Party Committee, but is based on the instructions of the Beijing Municipal Committee. Guo Daohui reported to the home of Comrade Li Leguang (he is also an old alumnus of Tsinghua University) who was the head of the United Front Work of the Municipal Party Committee. Guo Daohui said that Pan Guangdan had been reviewed three times in the department and the Faculty of Grammar and Law, but he was still not allowed to pass the test. What was the reason? Li Leguang said, "Don't worry about this." At that time, Wu Weicheng, a cadre of the United Front Work Department, directly contacted Guo Daohui. He later said that this was directly controlled by the central government, and the central government wanted to beat the right wing of the Democratic League, fearing that they would challenge the leadership of the Communist Party. At that time, the only party that could compete with the Communist Party for leadership was the Democratic League. The Democratic League has political capital, and they have made merit in opposing the Kuomintang. Our Party Central Committee is also worried that this force will become stronger and become an opposition, so it said at the beginning of liberation that it would beat them. During the thought reform movement, Pan Guangdan was borrowed to criticize Luo Longji, which was a warning to the "right wing" of the Democratic League. Later, Pan Guangdan reviewed it at the school's fourth general meeting and barely passed it. For this reason, the Municipal Party Committee also arranged for the Propaganda Department of the Tsinghua Party Committee to compile and print two special issues, "Criticizing Mr. Pan Guangdan's Reactionary Thought" and "Welcome Mr. Pan Guangdan's Progress", which were distributed inside and outside the school (especially the Central Committee of the Democratic League).

Pan Guangfu said: Looking at it now, this actually left a foreshadowing for the rectification of the "right wing" of the Democratic League in the anti-rightist struggle in 1957. This was a decision made by the Central Committee and Mao Zedong. If it is said that the Anti-Rightist Movement had been premeditated, then Mao Zedong’s schemes against the democratic parties, especially the Democratic League, and the way of rectification can be said to be the prelude to the “Yang Conspiracy”.

The primary target of Mao Zedong's "Yangmou" is the Democratic League. This can also be seen from the two secret instructions written by him on June 8 and June 10 when the anti-rightist campaign began. Among them, he believes that among the democratic parties, the Democratic Revolutionary, Democratic National Construction, Democratic Progressive, and Jiusan Society are quite good, while the Democratic League and Agricultural Workers are the worst; Zhang Bojun and Luo Longji are desperately engaged in subversive activities, and they are very wild. The party (referring to the democratic parties) must Expansion, equal power for politicians (referring to "equal sitting" with the regime of the Communist Party), and so on. You can refer to "Organizing Forces to Counter the Rampant Attacks of Rightists" and "Instructions of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on the Struggle Steps and Tactics of Countering Rightists". In the editorial "Wen Wei Po's bourgeois direction should be criticized" published on July 1, 1957, Lao Mao's main spearhead was also aimed at the Democratic League and the so-called "Zhangluo League".

Pan Guangfu added to Chai Jianhua:

I carefully read Guo Daohui's memoirs of personal experience, and his account is well-founded. His summary is also very clear: As for the democrats among ordinary intellectuals inside and outside the party, judging from the speeches of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Zhen, Lu Dingyi and others, on May 15 Mao Zedong decided to "anti-rightist" "Yangmou" was not treated as a target of purge before, but only asked to educate and reform them, to win them closer to the party, and even to absorb some of them into the party, such as Liang Sicheng and Qian Weichang. It was only because of mobilizing the masses to speak out and "release" some speeches critical of Mao Zedong and the Communist Party that surprised him. He felt that his absolute authority and the ideological and political rule of "uniformity of public opinion" were threatened, so he fought hard and made the anti-rightists "Expansion".

When Pan Guangfu said this, he and Chai Jianhua cast their eyes on the small river in front of them. The river was flowing slowly, and the small river was sad. There is no one by the river, people seem to have forgotten the river, and there is no one to accompany the river. Maybe Xiaohe's heart is cold.