第七章 简说英语连词组成 《英语自学笔记》B卷 English self-study notes

英语中的连词(conjunctions) 英文连接词English connectives是连接英文单词的词，如also，and等。英语有486,000个左右的单词，而连接词却只有70个左右，它们总是非常高频率地出现在各类文章、对话、电邮等英语实际沟通中。 英文连接词像胶水一样将相关联的句子连接起来，也有国际心理学家、语言学家、教育家把它称之为“胶水词”。 胶水词就像英语的骨架一样重要，学会了胶水词，同时拥有词组的累积，自己就可以轻松灵活的造出任何需要的长句，让自己的英文交流如鱼得水。先学胶水词，也是英语速成的窍门之一。 为了快速掌握词组和连接词的用法，需要运用到一个数学方法——括号法，该方法可以帮我明白如何剖析英语长句，以及如何运用胶水词创造自己的的长句。 例如：(The bicycle track) (is) (between) (the road) (and) (the river). 这个句子所要表达的只有3个东西之间的关系，括号能帮你分清楚什么内容代表“东西”以及什么内容代表“关系”。复杂的从句同样可以用括号法理清内部架构，从而掌握从句的逻辑和背后沟通的意思。 连词是一种虚词，在句中起连接作用，可以用来连接单词、短语、从句、分句或句子。在名子中不单独作句子成分，一般不重读 (1)连词分类 根据连词的本身含义及所连接的成分是否平等，连词可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。 1、并列连词 并列连词用以连接彼此是并列关系的单词、短语、从句或分句，被连接的两个部分彼此独立的，在句法上是平等的。常用的并列连词有 and、or、but、not only..but also..、both..and.. 等 2、从属连词 从属连词用来连接两个或两个以上的分句，形成复杂句中的从属分句，即引导名词性从句和状语从句。常用的从属连词有 that、whether、when、although、because 等 (2)与介词、副词的区别 1、在状语从句中，用连词来连接从句 Though he was poor, he never begged for money. 2、在状语从句中，不能用副词来连接从句 He is very smart, moreover, he is diligent. 错误 He is very smart and, moreover, he is diligent. 正确 3、介词后面只能是名词形式 Despite he was poor, he never begged for money. 错误 Despite his poverty, he never begged for money. 正确 Though he was poor, he never begged for money. 正确 4、状语从句中，只应该使用一个连词 Although she studied hard, but she didn't succeed. 错误 Indeed she studied hard, but she didn't succeed. 正确 【注意】既是连词又是介词的三个单词：before、after、since (3)常用连词 when 当...时； while 当...时，在...期间； whenever(no matter when) 无论什么时候 where 在...地方； wherever(no matter where) 无论哪里； everywhere 每一...地方/到处； anywhere 任何地方 as 因为、虽然； as...as... 和...一样； as far as 就...而言； so/as long as 只要； as if/though 好像 however(no matter how) 无论怎样； whatever(no matter what) 无论什么 before 在...以前； after 在...以后 though/although 虽然/尽管； even if/though 即使 as soon as/the moment/no sooner... than.../directly 一...就... until/till 直到...； since 自从； every time 每当； once 一旦 yet 仍然、还是 but 但是 still 仍然等 except that 只可惜 in that/because 因为； now that/since 既然、因为；seeing(that)/considering(that) 鉴于/由于 if 如果； in case 如果； unless 除非； lest 唯恐； suppose/supposing 假如； only if 只要/只有； if only 但愿/要是...该多好； on condition (that) 条件是...； provided(that) 假如 and 和、than 比、as well as 和...一样、both...and... 都是、not... but... 并非...而是...、not only...but also... 不但...而且...、either...or... 不是... 就是...、neither... nor... 既非... 也非...、rather than 而非... so 因此、for 因此、then 因此、therefore 因此 so that 以便、因此、所以； so(such)...that 如此...以致；in order that 以便；lest 唯恐；for fear that 唯恐/以免；in case 免得/以防万一； that 以便 (4)连词符号 破折号 — 此类符号专门用来连接两句，同时强调第一个句子，以补充意思的不足，相当于“也就是说” There is hardly anything he doesn't know - he is a child prodigy. 他几乎无所不知，换句话说，他是个神童 冒号 : 此类符号也可用以连接两句，以强调前句中的名词 He made his goal know to us: he wanted to study abroad. 他让我们知道他的目标了，他要出国深造 分号 : 此类符号相当于逗号 + 连词 He is nice; I like him. 他人不错，因此我很喜欢你 (5)从属连词 从属连词引导从句，包括名词性从句和状语从句 名词性从句 It is obvious that we need to think twice about this thing. 很明显我们需要仔细考虑这件事(that 引导主语从句) He said that he did not want to go. 他说他不想去(that 引导宾语从句) The reason was that I didn't like hime. 原因是我不喜欢他(that 引导表语从句) The news that the exam was canceled excited me. 考试取消消息使我兴奋(that 引导同位语从句) 状语从句 1、时间状语从句 when 当...时；whenever 任何时候；as 当...时，一边...一边；while 当...时，在...期间；before 在...以前；after 在...以后；until/till 直到...；since 自从；once 一旦；as soon as/the moment 一...就...；every time 每当；directly 一...就...；no sooner... than... 一...就... 等 The novel became even more popular after it was made into a movie. 这部小说在拍成电影后更受欢迎了 As soon as he stops talking, let's go and get some coffee. 等他话音一落，咱们就去弄点咖啡 Many things have happened since I last saw him. 自从我上次见到他以来，发生了很多事 when 与 while When 形容活动被某事件打断的情况 We were having a picnic when the storm began. 当暴风雨开始时，我们在野餐 While 表示持续性的活动 While we were camping, we saw a bear. 当我们在野营时，我们看到了熊 While I was washing dishes, I broke a glass. 当我在清洗盘子时，我打破了一个玻璃杯 但 when 和 while 其实可以放心地交替使用 She was skating when she fell. 当她摔倒时，她在溜冰 While she was skating, she fell. 当她溜冰时，她摔倒了 2、地点状语从句 where 在...地方；wherever 无论哪里，在任何地方；everywhere 每一...地方/到处；anywhere 任何地方 Sit wherever you like. 想坐哪儿就坐哪儿 Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成 I'll take you anywhere you like. 你喜欢哪儿，我就带你去哪儿 3、原因状语从句 as 由于/因为；because 因为；since 既然；seeing(that)/considering(that) 鉴于/由于；now that 既然；in that 因为 等 Since/as you are busy, you had better not go with us. 既然你工作忙，你就不必跟我们去了 Seeing(that) he is young, his salary is not so bad. 他还年轻，他的薪水算不错的了 Now that you mention it, I do remember the incident. because 与 because of because 用在主句前面 I can't see because it is so foggy. 因为雾太大了，我看不到 because of 用在名词前面 It was difficult to see because of the snow. 因为雪，很难看清楚 Angela couldn't sleep because of the noise. 因为那些噪音，Angela没有睡觉 4、目的状语从句 so that 以便；in order that 以便；lest 唯恐；for fear that 唯恐/以免；in case 免得/以防万一 等 I got up early in order to catch the first bus. 为了赶第一班公交车，我起床很早 They spoke in whisper for fear that they might wake the baby. 他们轻声说话，以免吵醒婴儿 I take an umbrella in case it would rain. 我带了把伞，以防下雨 5、结果状语从句 that 以便；so(such)...that 如此...以致；so that 因此/所以 等 They set off half an hour earlier that they might get there in time. 他们早出发半小时，以便及时到达那里 I'll wash the dress so that you can wear it. 我把这件衣服洗了，你好穿上 He is such a good student that all the teachers like him. 他是个好学生，老师们都喜欢他 6、条件状语从句 if 如果；in case 如果；unless 除非；lest 唯恐；suppose/supposing 假如；so/as long as 只要；only if 只要/只有；if only 但愿/要是...该多好；on condition (that) 条件是...；provided(that) 假如 等 In case you see him, ask him about it. 如果你见着他，问问他这件事 You may come if you want to. 如果你愿意你可以来 I refuse to do it unless you help. 你如果不协助，我是不干的 If only I could play the piano. 要是我会弹钢琴，该多好啊 I will come with you provided (that) I am well enough. 只要我身体好，我一定和你一起去 7、让步状语从句 though/although 虽然/尽管；even if/though 即使 等 I didn't get the job though I tried all my best. 尽管我使出浑身解数也没有得到那份工作 Even if I failed this exam, I will not give up my English studying. 即使我考试失败，也决不会放弃英语学习 W.. + ever however(no matter how) 无论怎样；whatever(no matter what) 无论什么；whenever(no matter when) 无论什么时候；wherever(no matter where) 无论哪里 No matter how hard it is, I will do my best to do it. 不管如何艰难，我都要尽力去做 Whatever you do, it has nothing to do with me. 无论你做什么事，那都与我无关 Whenever I come, I see him studying. 我每一次来，都会看到他在学习 Wherever you go, I'll follow you. 无论你到何处，我都跟你走 8、比较状语从句 than 比，as...as... 和...一样等 He has more friends than she (does). 他的朋友比她的多 She runs as fast as a rabbit (does). 她跑得像兔子一样快 He is as tall as his father. 他和他爸爸一样高 9、方式状语从句 as 正如/就像；as...as... 和...一样；as far as 就...而言；as if/though 好像 等 Why didn't you do your homework as I told you to? 你怎么不听我的话做人的家庭作业呢？ They looked at me as if/though I were mad. 他们看着我好像我发疯了似的。 As far as I could see, your behavior is unjustifiable. 就我看来，你的行为是不合情理的 He looks as ill as he sounded on the phone. 他的样子看起来不大好，正如听他电话中说话声音也不大好一样 (6)并列连词 1、并列关系 as well as、and、both...and...、and、not only... but also... 等 Time and tide wait for no man. 岁月不待人 The little girl is not only beautiful but also clever. 这个小女孩不仅漂亮而且聪明 Both you and I are students. 你和我都是学生 John as well as you is my bosom friend. 约翰和你都是我的知己 2、转折关系 yet、but、while、still 等 The car was quite old but in excellent condition. 那部车相当旧了，但机器性能还非常好 The winter in Beijing is very cold while that of Kunming is warm. 北京的冬天很冷，然而昆明的冬天却很温暖 I explained twice, still he couldn't understand. 我解释了两遍，然而他还是不懂 3、选择关系 either...or...；neither...nor...；or；otherwise；or else 等 He is either sick or lazy. 他不是病了就是太懒 I do not care whether you go or stay. 我才不管你是走还是留 He moved steadily, looking neither left nor right. 他从容地走着，并不左顾右盼 4、因果关系 so、for、then、therefore 等 The air here is polluted, so the crops are dying. 这里的空气受到了污染，所以庄稼快死了 The leaves of the trees are falling, for it's already autumn. 树叶在落下，因为秋天已经来到了 (7) 连词使用误区 连词用法，看起来简单，但在实际应用中，错误却是在所难免 1、这个外国人不仅会说英语，还会说普通话 The foreigner not only speaks English but also Mandarin. 错误 The foreigner speaks not only English but also Mandarin. 正确 这里的 not only 应该移到 speaks 后面，使这个动词兼顾两个等立宾语： Mandarin 和 English 2、虽然他很胖，但身体却很弱 Although he is fat, but he is very weak. 错误 Although he is fat, he is very weak. 正确 He is fat, but he is very weak. 正确 although 和 but 不可以同时使用，要去掉一个 3、这本书既可以用作课本，又可以当作参考书 This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book. 错误 This book may be used both as a text and a reference book. 正确 as well as 和 both 不能搭配，应该改成 both... and... 4、杰克没有你那么弱 Jack is not so weak like you. 错误 Jack is not so weak as you. 正确 not so 必须和 as 搭配，而不能用 like 5、她坐公交车去车站 She took a bus and which took her to the station. 错误 She took a bus which took her to the station. 正确 She took a bus and it took her to the station. 正确 and 多余，或者把 which 改成 it 6、我的朋友走过来，握着我的手，兴奋地说再见 My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly. 错误 My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly. 正确 My friend came up to me and held my hand, saying good-bye excitedly. 正确 and 应该用来连接最后两个谓语，或者把 said 改成 saying 7、我们刚到达目的地，他们就离开了 No sooner had we reached our destination, they left. 错误 No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. 正确 As soon as we reached our destination, they left. 正确 no sooner 必须和 than 搭配 (8)常用连接词有哪些？ 首先，我们来看一下表示“开始”的单词。比如，to begin with。 接下来，我们来看一下表示“结尾”的单词。比如： in a/one word，in conclusion，generally speaking 接下来，我们来看一下表示“次序”的单词。 at last/eventually/in the end，first of all/to begin with/to start with 我们再来看一下表示“对称”的单词，比如： or one thing,for another thing,...,on one hand,...on the other hand 这类单词相抵用的会比较少，但还是要做了解一下。 接下来，我们再来看一下，表示“因果”的单词。 比如： for this reason，because of/on account of/due to，thus，therefore 这类单词需要特别注意的点是，同一个句子当中，不能同时使用because和so,只能两者取其一。 最后，我们来看一下，表示“递进”的单词。比如： What's worse/worse still/to make the mater worse 当我们所要表示的感情需要更深一层的时候，就需要用到这些词。 (9)常用英语过渡词 （1）表示承接的过渡词： also，and，and then，too，in addition，furthermore，moreover，what's more, again，on top of that，another，first，second，third，fourth等。 （2）表示时间顺序的过渡词： now，then，before，after，afterwards，earlier，later，immediately，soon，next，in a few days，gradually，suddenly，finally等。（但是你可以感受到这些词是副词，所以原词条对于“连接词”即连词是错误的） （3）表示空间顺序的过渡词： near（to），far（from），in front of，behind，beside，beyond，above，below，to the right/left，around，outside等。 （4）表示比较的过渡词： in the same way，just like，just as等。 （5）表示转折的过渡词： but，still，yet，however，never the less，none the less，on the contrary，in spite of/ in spite of the fact that，even though，although，despite / despite the fact that等。 （6）一方面，另一方面： on the one hand，on the other hand，for one thing，for another等。 （7）表示结果和原因的过渡词： because，since，so，as a result，therefore，then，furthermore，otherwise等。（as a result ,therefore, thus并不是连词而是副词，所以经常是放句首，用逗号与后面句子隔开） （8）表示目的的过渡词： for this reason，for this purpose，so that，in order to等。 （9）表示强调的过渡词： in fact，indeed，surely，necessarily，certainly，without any doubt，truly，to repeat，above all，most important等。 （10）表示解释说明的过渡词： for example，in fact，in this case，for actually， for instance等。 （11）表示总结的过渡词： in a word，above all,，all in all，finally，at last，in conclusion，as I have shown，in another word，in brief，in short，in general，on the whole，as has been stated，last but not least,in addition等。 (12)表示转折的过渡词: But,However,Although / even though,Despite / despite the fact that,In spite of / in spite of the fact that,Nevertheless,Nonetheless,While,Whereas,Unlike,In theory… in practice