Tears that cannot be wiped away
Dorje took his
daughter Yadan and met Agu Demba and Dawa, as well as A Zhuo, Chu Sanxing and
Xiang Qima on the banks of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. Dorji thanked
Agudengba for helping his daughter Yadan escape from the Bangladesh Prostitute
Island.
Dorje is a famous
local musician who founded the Naypyitaw Song and Dance Troupe. He specially
brought a dance team from the Song and Dance Troupe here. The performers of
this dance team are mainly Mongolian teammates.
When the dancers
of the dance team held hands and danced the Mongolian circle dance, Agudengba
asked Dorji a question: Dear Mr. Dorji, you have moved to Myanmar now, why do
you still love Mongolian dance so much?
Dorje did not
directly answer Agudengba's question at that time. I just said to Agudemba: The
dance is about to end, let’s talk about these things after the performance is
over.
In the evening,
Dorje invited Agudengba and Dawa, as well as Adhuo, Chu Sanxing and Xiang Qima,
to have dinner together in the temporary Mongolian tent set up on the meadow.
Dorje began to
tell Agudengba the reasons why he organized the Naypyitaw Song and Dance Troupe
and established the Mongolian dance team.
Dorje said:
Where we are now
is Bagan, located at the confluence of the west bank of the Irrawaddy River and
the Chindon River, 145 kilometers southwest of Mandalay. The history of Bagan's
establishment is earlier than that of the Bagan Kingdom. It is said that the
small town of Bagan was built by the Piao people in 105 AD.
In 847, Piimbia
built a walled city in Bagan and carried out extensive construction projects,
making Bagan gradually become a big city and later the capital of a country.
The Kingdom of Bagan is an ancient country in Southeast Asia. It was founded in
modern Myanmar in 849 AD. The first king was Phyimbia, and the Kingdom of Bagan
was the first kingdom to unite the Burmese region.
Since then,
Myanmar has maintained a tributary and vassal relationship with the Song
Dynasty. After Anuruddha ascended the throne as king, he was determined to
rejuvenate the country and actively expanded outward. His army crossed Bhamo
and went straight to Dali, which is now located in Yunnan, China. After that,
the two countries reconciled. Anuruddha introduced Theravada Buddhism to the
Kingdom of Bagan and established it as the state religion. Anuruddha also
created his own script based on the scripts of the Mon and Piao tribes.
However, the kings
of the Bagan Kingdom since Jiangxituo either indulged in luxurious feasts or
built temples extensively. As a result, they wasted people and money, and the
country was declining. After Emperor Narathiopatra came to the throne, he was
tyrannical and cruel, and rebellions broke out everywhere. The Shan ethnic
group in the northern part of Bagan is on the rise and continues to invade Bagan
from the south.
In 1206, the
Mongol Empire was established in northern China by Temujin. 65 years later, in
1271, the fifth Khan Kublai Khan changed the name of the country to Yuan. After
the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan sent envoys to Bagan many
times to solicit surrender, but the King of Bagan ignored them.
After the Yuan
Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, its national power increased
greatly. Yuan soldiers attacked Bagan from the Yunnan region.
During the
Mongolian-Burmese War, Myanmar dispatched 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers and 800 war
elephants to attack the Yuan Dynasty Zhenxi Road with a new one of thousands of
dollars (today's Yingjiang County, Yunnan) and the original gold tooth (today's
Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan), etc. area) invasion.
Dali Road Mongolian Qianhu Hudu and the general manager led 700 cavalry to the
rescue. The Yuan army and the Burmese army encountered each other during the
march and fought fiercely for two days. The Yuan army first broke the phalanx
of its war elephant team, and the Burmese army retreated in chaos. The Yuan
army pursued for more than 30 miles and captured 17 of its villages. In October
of the same year, Marshal Du, the Xuanwei envoy of various routes in Yunnan of
the Yuan Dynasty, led 3,848 troops to conquer Burma. The Yuan army captured
Jiangtou City and surrendered 35,200 households (about 300 villages) of the
Shan tribe nearby. After that, the Yuan army once again conquered Burma,
advancing both by land and water, and conquered Jiangtou City, Taigong City and
other places. The 12 tribes under the Burmese king surrendered to the Yuan
Dynasty.
However, internal
strife soon broke out in the Myanmar royal family. The concubine of the Burmese
king imprisoned the Burmese king, and also killed Ananda and others, officials
sent by the Yunnan king of the Yuan Dynasty. Soon, the concubine was killed in
the chaos when his brothers were fighting for the throne. The Burmese Bagan
dynasty has actually disintegrated and been divided into several Shan states.
In order to seek political support, most of the nobles and Shan tribal leaders
who supported their own armies in various places surrendered to the Yuan
Dynasty and accepted various official titles such as the Xuanweisi appointed by
the Yuan Dynasty.
Dorje said:
But for most
Chinese people, the country of Myanmar is basically just a humid place in the
distance, coupled with poverty and endless tropical virgin forests. This
special geographical environment also became an important reason why it was
difficult for China in ancient times to turn Myanmar into territory. However,
during the Yuan Dynasty nearly 800 years ago, the Mongols surpassed the limits
of the Central Plains dynasty and successfully conquered the Bagan dynasty in
Myanmar. Northern Myanmar became the central Myanmar province of the Yuan
Dynasty, nominally expanding the Mongolian territory to the coast of the Indian
Ocean. Later, the central province of Burma was abolished, but the kings of
Bagan after Emperor Narathihobo were almost all puppets of the Yuan Dynasty.
Its territory began to divide again, and it was officially destroyed soon
after. Since then, Myanmar has been divided into many kingdoms. But from the
Mongolian-Burmese War, we can see that the Burmese nation is also a very strong
nation. It can be said that the tears of the Burmese people will never be wiped
dry.
Dorje said:
The Yuan Dynasty's
conquest of Myanmar first benefited from the strong fighting power of its own
Mongolian core force, and also benefited from the strong support of the ethnic
minority tribes in Yunnan at that time. In ancient China's war against Myanmar,
the stability of the Yunnan area as an advance base was crucial. If you get
Yunnan, you can get a glimpse of Myanmar and Thailand. If Yunnan is unstable,
the southwest border will be in danger.
Speaking of the
relationship between Myanmar and Mongolia, we have to talk about the Jingpo
Beng ethnic group. The Jingpo Wenbeng ethnic group refers to various branches
of the Kachin ethnic group that live in Kachin State in northern Myanmar,
Yunnan in China, northeastern India and southern Tibet. Such as Zaiwa, Kaku,
Gaoyi, Mayu, Leqi, Lang'e, Riwang, Jingpo, Lisu and other descendants of the
ancient Yak Qiang people.
The Wenbeng ethnic
group believes that about 10,000 to 6,000 years ago, their ancestors originated
from the Riyue Mountain in the cold "natural flat-top mountain"
prairie in the north. It is said to be the Riyue Mountain in Qinghai Province.
They were the descendants of the ancient Yak Qiang. The cow is worshiped as a
totem, so buffalo meat is not eaten. Later, the ancestors of the Wenbeng ethnic
group began to move from the natural flat-top mountains of Mongolia's
"Mongolia" and the Hehuang area to "Hulianyangdanmao",
which is a flat land in Gannan and Baoji, Shaanxi. Then we entered the
"Pozhu Sangximao" large forest area in the southeastern Tibet and
western Sichuan forest areas. Then they moved to the Red Soil Plateau and the
"Zhelinie Lin Zhenmao" area in western Sichuan and northwestern
Yunnan. After hundreds of years of long-distance migration, some arrived in the
river valleys of southwest Tibet, some in the Memiao River Basin in Myanmar,
some along the Ruili River south to the Xunli Mountains in Myanmar, and some in
Anano, India. Padisa, that is, the triangle area west of the Himalayas, has
formed several "Wenbeng ethnic branches", or tribes. These
"tribal territories" are adjacent to each other and connected across
borders, and the ethnic groups inhabiting them are collectively called
"Wenbeng ethnic groups". It is also part of the ethnic group of the
Western Regions.
In ancient times,
the Burmese divided the residents in the territory and neighboring countries
into five major ethnic groups: first, the Bamar; second, the Mon. Both are
monoethnic. 3. Shan ethnic group; refers to ethnic groups from east of Myanmar,
including Shan, Thai, Khmer, etc. Four, "Kara". This is the Indians,
Arabs, and even later the British from west of Burma, all collectively called
"Kala". The fifth ethnic group is "Tayuk", which literally
means Chinese, but actually includes Mongolians, Turks and other ethnic groups
from the north.
Among the ethnic
groups in the Western Regions, the Kayu people are the third largest ethnic
group in Dian Kaye State, with a population of more than 50,000. As descendants
of the Mongols, the Kayu people still retain many Mongolian characteristics in
their language and musical instruments. However, compared with the strength of
their ancestors when they conquered the Bagan Dynasty in Myanmar 730 years ago,
although today's Kayu people have limited strength, they rely on the unity of
the tribe and cooperation with other ethnic groups to confront the central
government with the weapons in their hands. .
But while
fighting, Minmao, as the leader of the Keyu people, also knew that "taking
up arms" was only a stage, and eventually chose to "lay down
arms" and negotiate with the central government to win back the rights and
interests for his people. In addition to safeguarding the interests of his
tribe through political activities, Minmao also vigorously promotes the
preservation of the Keyu language.
In the middle of
the Bagan dynasty, the court implemented a benevolent act by exempting land
donated to temples from taxes. Over the years, the princes and nobles of the
Bagan dynasty have built major temples on their fiefdoms in order to do good
deeds. Each one is more grand and more exquisite than the other. By the late
dynasty, nearly two-thirds of the land in the country was owned by temples, and
taxes could not be raised, resulting in a tight financial situation for the
state treasury. Monks are well paid and are an important springboard for social
class advancement. More and more young people are becoming monks. There is a
shortage of strong labor in the fields, and there are not enough soldiers in
the army. Grain production is decreasing year by year, and internal and
external troubles have emerged. First, the subordinate countries in the south
rebelled, and then the enemy countries in the west invaded, but the most
dangerous thing was the Mongolian legion from the north.
Dorje sighed:
The tears of the
Burmese people were largely caused by the incompetence of their monarchs and
the infighting within the court. But the tough Mongols did not have the last
laugh, and they also had tears that they could not wipe away.
In Myanmar, I got
to know many people of Mongolian descent living in this land. They told me: the
Mongolian cavalry crossed the Cangshan Mountains and destroyed the Dali Kingdom;
Kublai Khan established his capital in Beijing and established the Yuan
Dynasty; five years later, the Yuan Dynasty army broke through Lin'an, and the
Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed. The Bagan army fought several battles with
the Mongolian army, but each time the Bagan army was defeated. When the
Mongolian cavalry once again pressed forward with troops, the Bagan dynasty was
unable to gather an army because most of the men had gone to temples to become
monks. Not only did the last emperor of the Bagan dynasty, Narathiropodi, not
resist, but he abandoned the entire country and ran to his son in the south to
take refuge.
But these
Mongolian descendants couldn't laugh. The Mongols did rule Upper Burma for a
period of time, and in the historical period before the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty,
the Han government basically did not go much beyond the current China-Burma
Line. Therefore, from this perspective, the "Han people" stranded in
Myanmar cannot actually be ruled out as descendants of the remaining Mongolian
troops. When the Ming army rose, many southern Mongols who had not had time to
retreat mostly settled in Myanmar after hiding their Mongolian identities
locally.
Dorje continued:
Among those of
Mongolian descent who settled in Myanmar, a considerable number of them made a
living by singing and dancing performances and wandered around. But what made
them despair was that after the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the Qing
Dynasty, in 1367 AD, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang issued the "Zhu Yuanzhang's
Proclamation to the Heaven to Defeat the Yuan Dynasty for the Northern
Expedition" when he was preparing for the Northern Expedition in Yingtian
Mansion (today's Nanjing). The slogan "restore China, establish principles
and discipline, and save the people" became the program of Zhu Yuanzhang's
Northern Expedition. Many Mongolians who lived in the Ming Dynasty began to
return to the north or migrate to the Western Regions, and some took refuge in
Myanmar. The Naypyitaw Song and Dance Troupe I founded has a dance team whose
actors are mainly the children of these Mongolians.
As a musician, I
like Mongolian singing and dancing very much. As a descendant of people from
the Western Regions, I am naturally full of nostalgia for Mongolians, Xinjiang
people, and Tibetans. I sympathize with the people of Mongolian descent living
in Myanmar, and I know the stories behind their tears.
What confuses me
even more is that when Zhu Yuanzhang was preparing for the Northern Expedition,
he put forward the slogan "Expelling the barbarians, restoring China,
establishing a program of discipline, and relieving the people of Sri
Lanka" in the "Zhu Yuanzhang's Message for the Northern
Expedition." However, this slogan was used by Sun Yat-sen. Plagiarized and
adapted into "Drive out the Tartars, restore China, establish the Republic
of China, and equalize land rights." The abbreviation of "Nation,
Civil Rights and People's Livelihood" is the "Three People's
Principles" and serves as the political program of the Chinese
Tongmenghui.
"Drive out the
Tartars", are the Tartars not Chinese?
Sun Yat-sen
shouted loudly:
Today's Manchuria
is located outside the Great Wall of China. In the past, during the Ming
Dynasty, they were a frequent threat to the frontiers. Later, taking advantage
of China's troubles, they drove into China and destroyed China. They seized
control of our government and forced our Han people to be slaves. Those who
refused to obey were killed by hundreds of millions. . We, the Han people, have
been subjugated here for two hundred and sixty years! The Manchurian government
is extremely vicious and has now become a full force. The righteous army has
pointed out that the Han soldiers in other continents will be exempted from
their crimes if they repent and surrender. If they dare to resist, Kill without
mercy! The same goes for Han Chinese who became Manchu slaves and became
traitors.
Sun Yat-sen kicked
the Mongols and Manchus out of the Chinese ethnic circle. He also put forward
the slogan of "restoring China":
China, the Chinese
people's China, Chinese politics, the Chinese people will let it go, and after
expelling the Tartars, we will regain our nation's country. Anyone who dares to
do what Shi Jingtang and Wu Sangui did will be attacked by the whole world.
The whole of China
has begun to arrest "traitors", and the tears that the Mongols and
Manchus can't wipe away do not end there. In the following years, the Mongols
were subjected to the Red Purge by Soviet Russia, which split Mongolia into two
parts. The suppression of the Mongols was brutal and bloody. There are even
genocidal madmen who have introduced violent measures to ban speaking Mongolian
and writing Mongolian characters. The tears that the Mongols could not wipe
away were filled with red blood.
Dorje continued
sadly: I promote Mongolian culture, including Uyghur culture and Tibetan
culture. The world should be a multicultural combination. Any act of
extermination of aliens is a crime against humanity.
Dorje opened his
voice and sang a song called "Song of the Horse":
I am a brave and sweaty horse,
I am running on the vast grasslands of the
world,
I fly under the blue sky,
The wind in the grassland is the singing of
my heart,
The swinging flowers are my dancing steps.
I don’t have many pursuits or dreams,
I just want free space,
Far away from the crazy and bloody killings
of war,
To prevent the mutual genocide of races,
The sound of horse hooves is my heroic call.
