Wake up（365）

 

365

 

When Liu Xiaosheng, a senior media person, was chatting with Lao Pantou and those young people, he suddenly raised a question: What is the most concerned about by the Chinese high-level? Is it the economy and people's livelihood? Or war, diplomacy? Is it science and technology education or the ecological environment? I don’t think so. They keep talking about politics and governing the country by law. In fact, they are keeping power. In layman’s terms, they are how to stabilize the country after their fathers conquered the country. For this reason, they are most concerned about two words, that is, "maintaining stability." "Stability overwhelms everything. For the sake of stability, violent suppression can be used, and various means can be used to purge and purge internally. There is another movement of "cleaning up the class ranks" in the new era. If the people's hearts are unstable, the economy is unstable, the army is unstable, the diplomacy is unstable, and the public security is unstable, how can we govern the country?

Liu Xiaosheng said: How to develop the economy and promote social stability? Let's take a look at how Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun handled the relationship between development and stability.

In the great practice of leading reform and opening up, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun paid special attention to correctly handling the relationship between reform, development, and stability. They insisted that reform is the driving force, development is the goal, and stability is the premise. To be united, the continuous improvement of people's lives is regarded as an important joint point in dealing with the relationship between reform, development, and stability, and we insist on promoting reform and development while maintaining social stability, and promoting social stability through reform and development.

Reform is for development, and development requires stability. Reform is the main driving force for economic and social development. Development is the fundamental requirement for all-round progress in economy, politics, culture, and society, and the key to solving all economic and social problems. Without development, nothing can be discussed, so it is the "hard truth."

Stability is the prerequisite and guarantee for reform and development, the basic condition for ensuring that the people live and work in peace and contentment, and the prerequisite for realizing the fundamental interests of the people. Without a stable environment, nothing can be done, and the results already achieved will be lost. Therefore, the overriding issue in China is the need for stability.

Reform, development, and stability are an internally unified organic whole, and their joint point is the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people. Without this common foothold and the joint point of policy measures, the scientific nature of reform decision-making, the coordination of reform policies, and the development Comprehensiveness and long-term stability will be difficult to achieve. Only by grasping this joint point can the three truly become an organic whole with mutual premise and internal unity. Therefore, we must insist on developing for the people, relying on the people, and sharing the fruits of development by the people.

In order to properly handle the relationship between reform, development, and stability, Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun emphasized: "Focus on reform and opening up with one hand, and crack down on various criminal activities with the other. Both hands must be strong. Crack down on various criminal activities, wipe out all kinds of ugly phenomena, Don't be soft." "While building a high-level material civilization, we must improve the scientific and cultural level of the entire nation, develop a noble and colorful cultural life, and build a high-level socialist spiritual civilization." He warned people: "If you forget or relax your grasp of social It is impossible to do a good job in the construction of socialist spiritual civilization and material civilization. Seriously, it will even deviate from the ideals of socialism and communism, which is very dangerous.”

The criterion for judging the success or failure of reform is "three advantages". When Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun talked about the success of reform and opening up, they repeatedly pointed out that whether it is conducive to the development of productive forces and the improvement of people's living standards should be the main criteria. In 1992, Deng Xiaoping systematically put forward the "three favorable" criteria in his talks in the South. The core and primary criterion of the "three benefits" criterion is productivity. Production activities are the most basic practical activities of human beings and the basis of human existence and development. Productivity is the ultimate decisive force for social development and the highest standard for measuring the progress of human society. The experience of socialist practice tells us that only by firmly grasping the law of social and historical development of developing productive forces can the cause of socialism truly win. Therefore, whether it promotes the development of productive forces and whether it is conducive to the development of productive forces has become the fundamental criterion for testing the success or failure of practical activities and guiding practical activities.

The ultimate goal of developing productive forces is to improve the overall national strength and the people's living standards. Deng Xiaoping said: "Liberate productive forces, develop productive forces, eliminate exploitation, eliminate polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity." "If polarization results, the reform will be considered a failure. "

Although the "three advantages" standard was put forward by Deng Xiaoping as a standard to distinguish socialism from capitalism, because it not only reflects the core position of productive forces, but also reflects the goal and value orientation of socialism; The long-term interests of the people reflect the real interests of the people, and thus are the scientific criteria for judging the success or failure of reforms.

Liu Xiaosheng said: There are also differences in Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun's reform thinking, and the differences are prominently reflected in three aspects: the issue of opening special zones, the relationship between planning and the market, and the speed of economic construction and development.

Deng Xiaoping always held a positive attitude towards the establishment of special economic zones. With his active support and promotion, four special economic zones in Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen were established and developed rapidly. In 1991, it was decided to develop Shanghai Pudong. Deng Xiaoping was still shocked by the late development of Pudong in Shanghai. On January 28, 1991, he said in Shanghai: Shanghai was developed late, "If Pudong was developed like the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone, it would have been better developed a few years earlier."

Chen Yun has always been cautious about opening a special zone. At the beginning of the establishment of special economic zones, Chen Yun supported the four cities of Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, and Xiamen to pilot special economic zones in some areas, but he clearly opposed all provinces to set up special economic zones, emphasizing that "there can only be these few now, not more", especially "like A province like Jiangsu cannot set up a special zone” because “Jiangsu and Zhejiang have historically been famous for speculative activities, and bad elements are familiar with their activities.”

Chen Yun paid special attention to the negative effects brought about by the development of special zones while paying attention to the positive effects of establishing special zones.

However, Chen Yun fully affirmed the great achievements made in the construction of the special zone. On July 21, 1992, he said in an article mourning Li Xiannian: "Although Comrade Xiannian and I have never been to the SAR, we have always paid attention to the construction of the SAR. Well done. In the past few years, the economy of the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has initially changed from an import-oriented to an export-oriented, high-rise buildings have sprung up, and the development is indeed very fast.”

It can be seen that the difference between Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun is only the difference between being active and cautious on the issue of establishing a special zone, not the difference between support and opposition.

To meet the needs of reform and opening up, in December 1981, Chen Yun put forward a new idea of "focusing on the planned economy, supplemented by market regulation". Aiming at the rampant economic crimes and disordered economic order in the process of invigorating the economy, and in order to overcome the chronic illness that unification would lead to death and release would lead to chaos, in December 1982, Chen Yun further elaborated on the relationship between planning and the market using the "birdcage analogy". . He said: "To invigorate the economy is to invigorate under the guidance of the plan, not to invigorate without the guidance of the plan. This is like the relationship between a bird and a cage. The bird cannot be held in the hand, and it will die if it is held in the hand. Let it fly, but You can only let it fly in a cage. Without a cage, it will fly away. If the bird is to invigorate the economy, then the cage is the national plan." "The 'cage' should be as big as it should be. It must be limited to one province or one region. Under the guidance of the national plan, it can also cross provinces and regions, not even within the country, but also across borders and continents. In addition, the 'cage' itself must be adjusted frequently."

The "Birdcage Metaphor" expresses a state of coexistence between the dominance and restriction of the macro plan and the autonomy and enthusiasm of the micro subject. Chen Yun's "birdcage" is not rigid and fixed, but one that can be flexibly changed as needed.

Deng Xiaoping agreed with Chen Yun's views on planning and the market, saying: "The most important thing is what Comrade Chen Yun said, a planned economy based on public ownership, supplemented by market regulation."

Therefore, the 1982 Constitution confirmed this formulation. In 1984, the decision on economic system reform adopted by the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China also clearly stipulated that China's socialist economy is a planned commodity economy.

Deng Xiaoping’s most representative discussion on planning and the market was in 1992. He emphasized in a talk in the south: “A little more planning or a little more market is not the essential difference between socialism and capitalism. A planned economy is not equal to socialism. Capitalism also has planning; a market economy is not equal to capitalism, and socialism also has markets. Both planning and markets are economic means." The fundamental intention is to correct the essential difference between socialism and capitalism that regards more markets or more plans as This traditional understanding laid the ideological foundation for his subsequent goal of establishing a socialist market economic system.

Likewise, Chen Yun supported these views in Deng Xiaoping's southern talks. In June 1992, after Jiang Zemin delivered a speech at the Central Party School, he immediately asked Chen Yun and Li Xiannian for their opinions on using the phrase "the goal of economic reform is to establish a socialist market economic system," and they unanimously agreed.

In July 1992, Chen Yun also said in an article: "Now, the scale of our country's economic construction is much larger and more complex than in the past, and some effective methods in the past are no longer available under the new situation of reform and opening up. Applicable. This requires us to work hard to learn new things, and constantly explore and solve new problems.”

The reform goal of the "socialist market economic system" proposed by the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China did not negate but fully inherited Chen Yun's insights that reflected objective economic laws expressed by the concept of "planned economy". It can be said that in the early 1980s, Chen Yun’s idea of “birdcage economy” was an important preparation for the exploration and construction of a socialist market economic system, which was endorsed by Deng Xiaoping; The proposition of the economic system is an important innovation to the basic theory of Marxism, which is recognized by Chen Yun.

In terms of the pace and speed of reform, Deng Xiaoping emphasized that "the mind should be more emancipated, and the pace of reform and opening up should be faster." In August 1991, Deng Xiaoping said: "Without the leap in economic development in the past ten years of reform and opening up, it is impossible to achieve smooth adjustment. It is right to emphasize stability, but if you overemphasize it, you may lose the opportunity." "Maybe our economic development law It is still advancing in waves. After a few years, there will be a leap, jumping a step, and after jumping, we will adjust it in time when we find problems, and then move forward. Summarizing experience, the word "steadiness" is necessary, but it cannot solve all problems." "We don't Seize the opportunity to bring the economy to a higher level, others will jump much faster than us, and we will fall behind. I have to study it, I always feel that there is such a problem. The opportunity is rare!"

In 1992, he said in a talk in the south: my country's economic development must always strive to "reach a higher level every few years." "It seems that our development always has to seize the opportunity and accelerate development at a certain stage After a few years, find problems and solve them in a timely manner, and then move forward." "We must pay attention to the stable and coordinated development of the economy, but stability and coordination are relative, not absolute. Development is the last word. This issue must be clarified. If we analyze Improperly causing misunderstandings, you will become cautious, afraid to emancipate your mind, dare not let go of your hands and feet, and the result is to lose opportunities, just like sailing against the current, if you do not advance, you will retreat.”

Chen Yun paid more attention to the "steady pace" of reform, "starting with pilot projects" and "crossing the river by feeling the stones" and the scale of construction should be commensurate with national strength. In the practice of leading the economic work for a long time, Chen Yun believes that: "The scale of construction must be compatible with the country's financial and material resources. Adapting or not adapting is the limit of economic stability or instability." "The possibility that the scale of construction exceeds the country's financial and material resources is a risk, and economic chaos will occur; if the two are appropriate, the economy will be stable." He particularly emphasized the need for balance between departments and industries, including planning and the market, agriculture, light, and Balance between fiscal expenditure and revenue, import and export, central and local governments, currency and market, etc.; basic construction and people's life should be balanced; balance. He advocated that economic construction "must look forward and backward, and connect the front and back, so as to avoid steep rise and fall, which will cause losses." Chen Yun's comprehensive balance is a positive balance, which is a balance for stability and speed, and avoids "tossing". According to Chen Yun's words, "the so-called comprehensive balance is proportionate", which means high speed, "the fastest speed is the development of the national economy in proportion."

Liu Xiaosheng believes that: Deng Xiaoping emphasized that economic development should seize favorable opportunities and carry out leap-forward development. It should not be too stable. It is not that it is not necessary to keep a steady pace, but that it is worried that too much emphasis on stability may lose opportunities for development. Chen Yun emphasized that economic development should be based on national conditions, be good at summing up experience, pay attention to grasping the balance, and move slowly. We should not be too fast. We are definitely not against speed, but for the sake of speed. On this issue, the two superficial differences of views concealed the unity of fundamental views.

Compared with the time when Zhao Ziyang was in power, Jiang Xinrui's ruling environment is better than that of Zhao Ziyang's, both domestically and internationally. However, instead of making any progress in political reform, Jiang's core has regressed. This makes people miss the era of Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang.