Under the banner of the Jurchen tribe

 

Under the banner of the Jurchen tribe

 

When the Burmese musician Dorje was chatting with Agudenba, Azhuo and Chu Sanxing on the banks of the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar, they talked about things in Mongolia. Azhuo asked: "Mr. Dorji, can you tell some stories about the Jurchens? I am very fond of women." The legend of the real person is very curious.”

Agudengba and Chu Sanxing also laughed and said: We also like to hear Mr. Duoji talk about those things.

Duoji began to tell the story of the Jurchens:

In the 12th century AD, a social organization emerged among the Jurchens of the Jin Dynasty called "Meng'an Mouke". Meng'an is a tribal unit, and Mouke is a clan unit. Initially, 1 Meng'an could include 8 to 10 Muke, and their leader was called "Bo Ji Lie".

Before the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, the customs were 1 mouke for every 300 households, and 1 meng'an for 10 mooke. Meng'an Mooke is not only a military organization, but also a social organization integrating soldiers and civilians. All members of the organization serve as soldiers when they go out and as citizens when they enter, and they occupy a certain amount of land. The supreme ruler of the Jin Dynasty controlled the Meng'an Mouke organization through the clan and generals.

After entering the Central Plains, the Meng'an Muke system was extended to "subjugate people", including Han and Khitan people. During the reign of Jin Xizong (1135-1137), it developed into a feudal organization integrating military, production and local administrative agencies. Deposit money dynasty official system:

Meng'an is the fourth rank, in charge of military affairs, training martial arts, and advising on farming. Like the defense envoys of various defensive states, he has the task of "preventing and defending from danger, and controlling theft of wealth."

Mou Ke is a member of the fifth rank. He is in charge of organizing military households, training martial arts, and has all the powers of a county magistrate except for managing Changpingcang.

Under the plan, villages were divided into villages, and if there were more than 50 households, one person was set up in the village to supervise taxes and services according to the household registration.

Meng'an Mouke's family usually engages in agricultural production after training. If there is a war, young men will be drafted, buy their own saddles, horses and equipment and go out to fight; their families will still stay at home to produce.

The Meng'an Muke system, as a military-political social organization and system created by the Jurchen people, played an important role in foreign wars and internal governance, especially in the early days: it promoted the scattered Jurchen tribes at that time. Formed a unified Jurchen tribe; in the war to destroy the Liao Dynasty and attack the Song Dynasty, the combat effectiveness of the Jurchen soldiers was greatly enhanced; a large number of Jurchens organized by Meng'an Muke quickly moved to the newly occupied areas and consolidated their control over the newly conquered areas. At the same time, the Meng'an Moke system was adopted for a large number of newly conquered places, which weakened the resistance of the locals. After that, the Jurchen fierce Anmouke households scattered all over the country often farmed the land rent they received with Han tenant farmers and collected the land rent. Meng'an Mouke was neither engaged in production nor trained, and his combat effectiveness gradually declined. It is quite similar to the Eight Banners system of the Later Jin Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty.

Dorje briefly described the Jurchens’ Meng’anmouqi system and continued:

In 1387, Ming Taizu sent Feng Sheng as his general to conquer Haixi. As the last resistance force of the Yuan Dynasty in non-Mongolian areas, it felt that it was difficult to maintain, so it chose to surrender, and the Ming Dynasty opened the road to Liaodong. The Ming army invaded the north and south banks of the Songhua River, and the Jurchen and other tribes that were under the original Yuan rule all surrendered one after another.

In 1442, the Jianzhou Guards, Jianzhou Left Guards, and Jianzhou Right Guards of the Ming Dynasty formed a powerful tribe under the rule of the Ming Dynasty. The emergence of the "Three Guards of Jianzhou" marked the formation of the main body of the Manchu people.

At this time, under the banner of the Jurchen tribe, not only the Jurchen tribes, but also the ancestors of the Hezhe, Oroqen, and Xibe tribes also adopted the name of the Jurchen tribe.

Facing the development of the Jurchen forces, the Ming Dynasty felt a great threat. In order to strengthen its control over the Jurchens and consolidate their rule, the Ming Dynasty adopted the strategy of "dividing their branches, separating from their power, and fighting each other to kill each other, so as to bring peace to China and even the Jurchens." Each department "has its own strength and strength, but does not unite with each other." They restrain each other and fall into a state of division and endless fighting.

This has brought heavy disasters to various Jurchen tribes, and unification has become the aspiration of the people.

For more than three hundred years, due to dispersion and division, the Jurchens were subordinated to the monarchs of the Yuan and Ming dynasties, and suffered oppression and exploitation. The emperor and civil and military officials of the Ming Dynasty despised the Jurchens, calling them "Eastern Yi", bullying them at will, and exploiting them in every possible way.

In the 11th year of Wanli (1583), Nurhachi, who was born in a family of Jianzhou Zuowei commanders, was killed by the Ming Dynasty because his ancestors and father were mistakenly killed by the Ming Dynasty. He used the "Thirteen Armors" left by his ancestors to raise an army and began his journey to the founding of the People's Republic of China. Khan's path.

In the first year of Tianming (1616), Nurhaci believed that the time was ripe, so he proclaimed himself khan in Hetuala, established the "Later Jin", and established the Tianming Dynasty.

In the third year of Tianming, Nurhachi issued the "Seven Hatreds" and formally swore to fight against the Ming Dynasty. Afterwards, he successively conquered Kaiyuan, Tieling, Liaoyang, Shenyang and other places, and moved the capital to Shenyang.

After Hou Jin entered the Liaoshen area, on the one hand, he ordered the adoption of surrendered Han people, but on the other hand, he implemented bad policies such as shaving hair, relocating large numbers of people, inventorying grain, and recruiting servicemen, which aroused the resistance of the Han people in Liaodong. Some of them fled, and some They resorted to poisoning, attacking and killing, rioting and other resistance methods against the Jurchens, which brought certain troubles to Hou Jin's rule in the Liaoshen area.

In this regard, Nurhachi adopted strong suppression methods. Many Han people were killed, and the rest were reduced to slaves and incorporated into Zhuangtian.

Dorje talked about the Jurchens and said:

The Jurchens are a strong nation with their own culture and customs. History cannot deny their existence and past glory. In fact, the integration process of Jurchens and Han people left a lot of cultural heritage.

Duoji sang a song "The Jurchen Soul":

 

I wandered through the white mountains and black waters of Northeast China,

It was once the hometown of the Jurchens,

Looking back on Su Shen more than two thousand years ago,

There are also Yilou, Wuji, and Mohe,

Jurchen was one of the earliest residents,

We live north of Changbai Mountain,

There are also Dongbin Dahai and Heilongjiang,

Our main business is hunting and nomadism,

Our generation has a brave and bold character,

Famous for its proficiency in bow and arrow manufacturing.

 

We will never forget the Jurchen history,

Jurchens are members of the national family,

We have to think highly of ourselves,

Songhua River reflects childhood dreams,

Heilongjiang is the mother who raised us,

The endless flow of Ussuri,

This is the place that the Jurchens dream of,

We will not lose our national integrity,

Our music and dance can all bear witness,

The land of China has Jurchen genes.