2026年1月28日星期三
第二章 如何使用英语前缀? How to use English prefixes?
了解和掌握如何使用英语前缀,能让自己的英语词汇量实时翻倍,这话没错。
当我们说英语时,我们一般可以添加前缀,将肯定词更改为否定意思,反之亦然。
前缀是附加在单词开头的一组字母。英语中的前缀会修改单词的含义,可以使单词改为否定意思,亦可表达重复或意见。
前缀在英语中相当常见。只要掌握前缀的用法,将其加到已知的英语名词和形容词前,词汇量便可以实时翻倍。
话虽如此,扩大英语词汇量最快的快捷方式,但还得读懂何时使用英语前缀?
我们一般会在形容词之前,使用前缀来表达相反的意思。
例如:
kind becomes unkind.
在动词或名词前面加入前缀,可就该单词或情境提供更多信息。
例如:
eat can become overeat, and understanding can become misunderstanding.
我们会使用形容词前缀表示否定或“非”的意思。
值得注意的是:这种前缀的用法只会改变单词的意思,未必会将其变成否定词。
例如,当您在 dependent (依赖) 前面加入前缀 in- 时,便会得到 independent (独立) 一字,懂得独立未尝不是好事!
怎样判断何时应使用哪个英语前缀?
那么,您应该使用 im-、un- 还是其他前缀?您又该如何判断哪个单词该对应哪个前缀?答案主要取决于哪个字最容易发音。
(1)常见的前缀用法
以下是几组常见的前缀用法,不过当中存在例外:
Im- is often used in front of adjectives that begin with p, m, b
(immature, imbalanced)
In- is often used in front of other adjectives.
(Incompetent, ineffective)
Ir- is often used before adjectives that begin with r.
(irrelevant, irresponsible)
il- is often used before adjectives that begin with l.
(illegible, illicit)
我们还可以使用前缀为单词赋予其他含义:
(2)了解英语前缀的简单拼写规则
英语前缀的拼写规则十分简单。由于词根和前缀的串法均保持不变,我们一般会使用重迭字母:
My little brother is so immature.
I couldn’t read the document -- it was illegible.
Bob thought the meeting was unnecessary.
某些前缀会在主词前面加入连字符 (-),例如前缀 ex-。如果前缀置于专有名词、名称或数字的前方,您亦应该使用连字符:
I saw my ex-boss at the conference.He was looking very stressed!
They were very pro-Europe, even though their friends were anti-Europe.
I used to listen to this music in the mid-90s.
如果前缀最后的元音与主词开头相同,亦需要加入连字符。这样做会令单词更容易发音。
Everyone was hoping that they wouldn’t re-elect the Treasurer.
She is one of the world’s pre-eminent physicists.
至于其他前缀,除非省略连字符会产生歧义,否则不应使用连字符。请参考以下这个意思截然不同的例子:
Ahmad had to re-sign the document.(他需要重新签署文件。)
Ahmad had to resign from his job, as he had found something better.(他需要辞职。)
(3)使用英语前缀的常见错误
混淆看起来相似但含义不尽相同的前缀,是我们常犯的错误。
例如:
He was very dissatisfied with his new headphones -- the sound quality was terrible.
John was unsatisfied after the meal -- he was still hungry.
虽然这两个单词十分相似,而且都是否定词,但含义稍有不同。Dissatisfied 表示某个人对某件事感到不满或沮丧,unsatisfied 则表示不完整或缺少了某些东西。
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退休在家,开始探索自学英语的途径,编写《英语自学笔记》是为了让自己复习方便,选择的词句,也全都与我的兴趣爱好和用语习惯有关。
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