The Origin and Demise of the Jurchens
History
permeates the nation’s various tastes. The purification of the national spirit
does not exclude the washing of tears. The past is past, don’t caress it as a
scar and sigh at the same time. Dorje, Agudengba, Azhuo, and Chu Sanxing began
to chat about the Jurchens' stories.
Duoji
told the history of the Jurchen's origin and demise:
The
"White Mountains and Black Waters" in the northeastern region are the
hometown of the Manchu people. The origin of the Manchu can be traced back to
Sushen more than two thousand years ago, and later to Yilou, Wuji, Mohe and
Jurchen.
The
Sushen people are one of the earliest recorded residents of the Northeast. They
live in a vast area north of Changbai Mountain, on the east coast of the sea,
and in the Heilongjiang and Ussuri river basins. Sushen people are mainly
engaged in hunting and nomadic life. They are good at riding and shooting. They
are brave and famous for their proficiency in making bows and arrows.
As
early as the Shun and Yu eras, the Sushen people had established contact with
the Central Plains region. At the beginning of the Western Zhou Dynasty (early
11th century B.C.), the Sushen tribe presented "Zhu Ya Shi Ni" to the
Zhou Dynasty. Due to frequent contacts with the Central Plains dynasty, people
at the time believed that Sushen, Yan and Bo were both northern territories of
the Zhou Dynasty.
After
the Warring States Period, Sushen people changed their name to Yilou, and
sometimes they still used the old name. The Yilou people also use "Zhu Ya
Shi Ni" for hunting, grow grains and raise pigs, can weave linen, and
build boats. After the Three Kingdoms, the Yilou people paid tribute to the
Central Plains Dynasty many times and were directly subordinate to the Central
Plains Dynasty. "Yi Lou Diao" was a treasure in the society during
the Three Kingdoms period.
In
the Han Dynasty, Su Shen was mostly written as Yi Lou in history books, but
sometimes he was still written as Su Shen. At that time, all Yilou tribes were
independent and had no unified leader. They were once dominated by Fuyu.
During
the Three Kingdoms period, Yi Lou got rid of Fuyu's control and obstruction and
regained contact with the Central Plains dynasty. In addition to their
contributions, they are also famous for their "Yi Lou Diao".
After
the Jin Dynasty, the history books of the Northern Dynasties changed its name
to Wuji, and after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was named Mohe. During this
period, Fuyu suffered from Xianbei attacks all year round, and its national
power gradually declined, and was eventually destroyed by Mohe. But after that,
Mohe surrendered to Goguryeo and Tang Dynasty successively.
In 698,
Da Zuorong, the leader of Mohe in Sumo, established the Bohai Kingdom, known as
the "Prosperous Kingdom in the East", based on the Tang Dynasty
system. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Khitan emerged in the Liao Dynasty,
and Bohai failed to fight with it and was annexed. At this time, Heishui Mohe,
which was affiliated with the Bohai Kingdom, took the opportunity to expand
southward and later submitted to the Khitan.
Because
the Khitan people called it Jurchen, the name Heishui Mohe was gradually abandoned.
The Khitan and its successor, the Liao Kingdom, divided Jurchens into two
categories: "mature Jurchens" and "born Jurchens".
Thousands of Jurchen families lived in Liaoyang, mainly living on farming, and
were under the direct jurisdiction of the Liao State; while the various tribes
of the Jurchen tribes, who mainly lived on fishing and hunting, still accepted
the rule of the Liao State through the canonization of their leaders.
Dorje
added:
During
the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Sui Dynasty, and Tang Dynasty, the
descendants of Sushen and Yilou successively appeared under the names of Wuji
and Mohe, and the population developed into dozens of tribes. Mohe later
developed into seven tribes, namely Sumo, Baishan, Bodu, Anchegu, Funie, Haoshi
and Heishui.
In
the Tang Dynasty, Da Zuorong established the local political power
"Zhenguo" in the upper reaches of the Songhua River and the northern
foot of Changbai Mountain with Sumo Mohe as the main body. In the first year of
Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (713), Da Zuorong was canonized by the Tang Dynasty
as the "King of Bohai County" and was awarded the title of
"Captain of Huhan Prefecture". From then on, he was named Bohai. The
political and military systems of Bohai State were all established according to
the Tang system and used Chinese characters. The replacement of kings was all
subject to the canonization of the Tang Dynasty.
During
the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Bohai maintained close
relations with the Tang Dynasty. There were tribute envoys entering the Tang
Dynasty almost every year, and many students were sent to study at Taixue in
Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty. The influence of politics, economy,
advanced science and technology, and culture in the Central Plains region
promoted the rapid development of agriculture and handicrafts in the Bohai Sea,
especially iron smelting and silk weaving.
Before
and after the founding of Bohai, Heishui Mohe often paid tribute to the Tang
Dynasty. In the 13th year of Kaiyuan of the Tang Dynasty (725), the Tang
Dynasty established the Heishui Army in the Heishui Mohe area, and then
established the Heishui Mansion. The leaders of the Heishui Mohe tribes were
awarded governors, governors and other officials, and they were appointed chief
historians and given the surname Li. Shi. General Yunhui led the Heishui
Economic Envoy and was subordinated to the Governor of Youzhou. It became a
directly subordinate local agency set up by the Tang Dynasty in the
Heilongjiang Basin. When the Bohai Sea was strong, some Heishui Mohe people
were their subordinates. After the Liao Dynasty fell to the Bohai Sea, the
tribesmen of the Bohai Sea moved southward, and the Heishui Mohe subsequently
moved southward to their old homeland of the Bohai Sea, gradually replacing the
Bohai Sea and flourishing.
In
the Five Dynasties, Heishui Mohe was called "Jurchen". In the Liao
Dynasty, in order to avoid the taboo of Yelv Zong, the Xingzong of Liao
Dynasty, it was renamed Nuzhen. After that, the name Jurchen replaced Mohe and
was used until the end of the Ming Dynasty.
The
Jurchens of the Liao Dynasty can be roughly divided into three parts. The
Jurchens living in the Liaodong area are called Mature Jurchens or Jurchens of
Liao origin; the Jurchens living in the vast area north of the Songhua River
are called raw Jurchens, or not Jurchens of Liao origin; those who live in
between They are called Huiba (one is Huihe) Jurchen. Due to the introduction
and use of iron, the production of the Wanyan department of female birth has
developed rapidly.
In
1114, Aguda, the leader of the Wanyan tribe who gave birth to a daughter,
raised an army to resist the oppression of the Liao Kingdom and established the
Jin Kingdom.
Duoji
talked about things about the Jin Dynasty:
After
the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Wanyan Aguda joined forces with the
Northern Song Dynasty to destroy the Liao Dynasty during the period when his
brother Jin Taizong Wu was begging for money. After that, he used the remaining
power from the destruction of the Liao Dynasty to go south to attack the
Northern Song Dynasty, capture the two emperors of Huiqin, and replace the
Northern Song Dynasty, forming a dynasty parallel to the Southern Song Dynasty.
situation. Soon he moved southward, and later forced the Southern Song Dynasty
to become a vassal.
The
Kingdom of Jin, with Yanjing as its central capital, was bounded by the
Waixing'an Mountains in the north, the Huaihe River in the south, the Sea of
Japan in the east, and Mongolia in the west. In the early years of the dynasty,
the rulers created the Jurchen script with reference to Chinese characters and
Khitan script. As the power of the Jin Dynasty gradually expanded, most of the
Jurchens also entered the Central Plains. Although the rulers of the Jin Dynasty
tried their best to promote the use of Jurchen language and writing and
maintain the Meng'an Muke military system. However, due to the fact that they
eventually mixed with the Han people, by the late Jin Dynasty, the national
characteristics of the Jurchens in the Central Plains had basically
disappeared.
After
the Jin Dynasty occupied the Central Plains, the capital was moved to Yanjing
in the first year of Zhenyuan (1153), and the policy of "migrating south
to north" was implemented. The Jurchens initially moved to the Yanshan
area. Later they settled in North China, while the Han people gradually moved
northward. The Jurchens who settled in the Central Plains gradually integrated
with the Han people under the influence of the Han people and the surrounding
environment. After Mongolia destroyed gold. They are listed in the
"Han" category, indicating that there is no obvious difference from
the Han people. The Jurchens who remain in the Northeast are still relatively
backward.
Duoji
also talked about the Jurchens during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties:
Some
of the Jurchens in the Yuan Dynasty lived in the jurisdiction of Liaoyang and
other roads, coexisting with the Han people, and gradually integrated with the
Han people; some were scattered in Shui Dada and other roads in Helan
Prefecture, centered on today's Yilan County in Heilongjiang Province. It is
located in the Songhua River basin, the middle and lower reaches of
Heilongjiang River, and in the vast areas east to the coast. In the Yuan
Dynasty, the "official herdsmen" established five Wanhufu and the
Eastern Expedition Marshal's Office in this area, two Thousandhufu in the
Wusuli River Basin, and Wanhufu in the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Through
the "influence" of the local ethnic upper class, Rule according to
customs."
The
Jurchens in the Ming Dynasty were divided into Jianzhou Jurchens, Haixi
Jurchens and East China Sea Jurchens according to their geographical location
and social development level. People in the Ming Dynasty called them Savage
Jurchens.
Jianzhou
Jurchens are distributed east of Fushun, centered on the Hun River Basin,
reaching the eastern and northern foothills of Changbai Mountain in the east,
and reaching the Yalu River in the south. The Haixi Jurchens are distributed
outside Kaiyuan, in the Huifa River Basin, and in the north to the big bend in
the middle reaches of the Songhua River.
The
Jurchens in the East China Sea are distributed in the areas east and north of
Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchens, generally from the middle reaches of the Songhua
River to the Heilongjiang River Basin, and to the coast in the east. With the
rapid development of society and economy, the Jurchens moved from hunting and
nomadic life to settlement, and their economy also changed from the hunting
economy in the past to mainly engaging in agriculture, supplemented by hunting
and gathering. From the perspective of social form and class relations, slave
owners and slave classes have emerged. Fogg of the Qing Dynasty said in
"Ting Yu Cong Tan": "Manchuria has crops and people who live in
castles." "Dozens of giant tribes, Then each of them occupied a city
wall, and the small tribes also built their own forts. They were strong against
each other, and each had its own people. They all had city walls. The natives
were accustomed to hunting and farming."
The
Ming Dynasty established more than 380 Jidu guards and posts in the vast
Jurchen area. It also established the Nuergandu Commandery Department in Telin,
opposite the confluence of Heilongjiang and Ganggun rivers, and named the
leaders of various Jurchen tribes as governors and commanders. The Ming
Dynasty's direct rule over the northeastern region was strengthened by the Ming
Dynasty's direct rule over the northeastern region. Since the early Ming
Dynasty, with Nurgandusi as the center, six transportation trunk lines and more
than 40 post stations have been established in the northeastern region, forming
a transportation network extending in all directions, further promoting the
economic and cultural exchanges between the Jurchens and the Han region.
After
the middle of the Ming Dynasty, various Jurchen tribes competed with each other
for supremacy and often went to war, resulting in a chaotic situation of
killing each other. The Jurchen people suffered greatly.
Nurhachi,
Taizu of the Qing Dynasty, was the sixth grandson of Mengge Timur, the left
guard of Jianzhou. He had outstanding political and military talents. He
followed the trend of historical development and began the war to unify the
various Jurchen tribes.
Nurhaci
lost his mother at the age of ten and was captured at Atai's house when he was
fifteen or sixteen. Li Chengliang, the commander-in-chief of Liaodong Province,
saw his intelligence and placed him under his subordinates, and he made many
military exploits in the army. When he was nineteen, he took the opportunity to
"fly away" from Li Chengliang. Later, he went into the mountains to
collect mountain products and traveled to Fushun, Ma City and other places. He
became familiar with the situation in Han areas and was deeply influenced by
Han culture. After he started the army, he was successively named the
commander, the commander, the governor, and the general of dragon and tiger by
the Ming Dynasty. Starting from the 11th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1583),
Nurhaci spent 11 years to unify the Jurchens in Jianzhou and thwarted the
attack of 30,000 people from nine coalition forces including Ye He. In the
forty-first year of Wanli (1613), the Hada, Huifa and Ula tribes of Haixi
Jurchen were merged. At the same time, they continued to win victories in the
use of troops against the various tribes in the East China Sea. In more than 30
years, Nurhaci unified all the Jurchen tribes that were scattered in a wide
area ranging from Haibin in the east, Kaiyuan in the west, Nen River Basin in
the north, and Yalu River in the south.
In
1206, the Mongolian Genghis Khan rose in the desert and began to declare war on
the Jin Kingdom, which was gradually declining politically. The Jin Kingdom
suffered repeated defeats and lost all its northern territory, so it had to
move south to Bianjing. Wanyan Shouxu, the last monarch of Jin Aizong, tried
his best to rule the country, but he was unable to reverse the defeat due to
accumulated difficulties. In 1234, Ogedai, the son of Genghis Khan and his
successor as Khan, destroyed the gold in Caizhou.
In
1279, the Mongolian Khan Kublai Khan, who had changed his country's name to
Yuan, completed his conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty. The rulers of the
Yuan Dynasty divided their subjects into four ethnic groups: Mongols, Semu,
Han, and Southerners. At that time, the Jurchens who stayed in the Central
Plains were classified as Han by the rulers due to the disappearance of their
national characteristics; while the Jurchens who grew up in the Northeast and
did not speak Chinese were regarded as Mongolians. They were organized into
numerous Jurchen households, governed by the Liaoyang Province established by
the imperial court, and began to be widely influenced by Mongolian language and
culture.
By
the end of the Yuan Dynasty, peasant uprisings continued in various places, and
the Liaodong region also fell into an unstable situation. Due to the special
relationship between the Yuan Dynasty and Goryeo, a large number of Goryeo
people settled in Liaodong at that time. As the ruling authority of the
imperial court declined at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Goryeo once controlled
Liaodong. In this case, many Jurchen households chose to attach themselves to
Goryeo. For example, the ancestor of Nurhachi and Timur, the fierce brother of
Wandoli Ten thousand households, followed the Goryeo general and the later
Korean Taizu Li Chenggui.
After
Li Chenggui became independent on behalf of Goryeo, he granted the title of Ten
Thousand Households to Timur, the fierce brother. During the reign of Emperor
Taizong Li Bangyuan of Korea, he was awarded the title of general. In addition
to Goryeo, the ninth grandson of Mu Huali and Naha, the left prime minister of
Liaoyang Province in the Yuan Dynasty, sent hundreds of thousands of troops to
Haixi in the Liaodong region at that time.
In
1368, Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor and established the
Ming Dynasty. In the same year, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty was captured,
Emperor Shun of the Yuan Dynasty fled north, and the Mongolian rule in the
Central Plains came to an end.
Dorje
sang a song "The Noble National Spirit":
National spirit is
self-identity,
It is the self-awareness of
a nation,
Can reflect the values of
the nation,
and shared ideals and ways
of thinking.
The national spirit has
historical inheritance,
In the process of
continuous development of the nation,
And blend in well with
traditional culture,
Gradually formed and
matured day by day.
The national spirit will
not remain unchanged;
With the development of
social history,
Constantly self-denial and
self-renewal,
It is both recognized and
adhered to by the nation.
The national spirit also
needs to be renewed.
It is contemporary at a
specific time,
It is a reflection of a
certain social history.
It is the accumulated
vastness of the spirit of the times.
Cultists who incite ethnic
conflicts,
The invaders who provoke
national wars,
They will all raise the
banner of national rejuvenation.
Disturbing the order of
life of people of all ethnic groups.
Excellent national spirit
belongs to the world,
Only through openness and
integration can we communicate with each other.
Break the isolation and
self-preservation of the nation,
This is the noble national
spirit.
Taking the legendary wise Agu Demba as the protagonist, I started to create the Chinese-English version of "Snow Land Fable" using the traditional fable creation method that combines poetry and prose. Writing fableskes me feel like a child again. Studying snowy culture is my prescription to prevent Alzheimer’s di masease.
回复删除